Developmental variability within and between mouse expanding blastocysts and their ICMs

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-336
Author(s):  
Julia C. Chisholm ◽  
Martin H. Johnson ◽  
Paul D. Warren ◽  
Tom P. Fleming ◽  
Susan J. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Cell Cycling

We have attempted to reduce the developmental heterogeneity amongst populations of mouse blastocysts by synchronizing embryos to the first visible signs of blastocoel formation. Using embryos timed in this way, we have examined the extent of variation of inside and outside cell number and of inside cell size, nuclear DNA content and developmental potential, between and within embryos of a similar age postcavitation. The overall impression gained is one of wide heterogeneity in inside:outside cell number ratios and in cell cycling and its relation to cavitation among embryos of similar age postcavitation. However, the simplest explanation of our results suggests that cavitation generally begins at a time when most outside cells are in their sixth developmental cell cycle and that outside cells, as a population, are a little ahead of inside cells in their cell cycling. Additionally we present evidence that, within at least some individual inner cell masses (ICM), there is intraembryo variation in the time at which inside cell developmental potential becomes restricted.

Nuclear DNA content and minimum generation time in herbaceous plants

1972 ◽  
Vol 181 (1063) ◽  
pp. 109-135 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Cell Cycle Time ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
The Mean

Many components of cell and nuclear size and mass are correlated with nuclear DNA content in plants, as also are the durations and rates of such developmental processes as mitosis and meiosis. It is suggested that the multiple effects of the mass of nuclear DNA which affect all cells and apply throughout the life of the plant can together determine the minimum generation time for each species. The durations of mitosis and of meiosis are both positively correlated with nuclear DNA content and, therefore, species with a short minimum generation time might be expected to have a shorter mean cell cycle time and mean meiotic duration, and a lower mean nuclear DNA content, than species with a long mean minimum generation time. In tests of this hypothesis, using data collated from the literature, it is shown that the mean cell cycle time and the mean meiotic duration in annual species is significantly shorter than in perennial species. Furthermore, the mean nuclear DNA content of annual species is significantly lower than for perennial species both in dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Ephemeral species have a significantly lower mean nuclear DNA content than annual species. Among perennial monocotyledons the mean nuclear DNA content of species which can complete a life cycle within one year (facultative perennials) is significantly lower than the mean nuclear DNA content of those which cannot (obligate perennials). However, the mean nuclear DNA content of facultative perennials does not differ significantly from the mean for annual species. It is suggested that the effects of nuclear DNA content on the duration of developmental processes are most obvious during its determinant stages, and that the largest effects of nuclear DNA mass are expressed at times when development is slowest, for instance, during meiosis or at low temperature. It has been suggested that DNA influences development in two ways, directly through its informational content, and indirectly by the physical-mechanical effects of its mass. The term 'nucleotype' is used to describe those conditions of the nucleus which effect the phenotype independently of the informational content of the DNA. It is suggested that cell cycle time, meiotic duration, and minimum generation time are determined by the nucleotype. In addition, it may be that satellite DNA is significant in its nucleotypic effects on developmental processes.

scholarly journals The solution to the cytological paradox of isomorphy.

1987 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Goff ◽  
A W Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Diploid Cell ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Haploid Nucleus ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
A Cell

Cells with polyploid nuclei are generally larger than cells of the same organism or species with nonpolyploid nuclei. However, no such change of cell size with ploidy level is observed in those red algae which alternate isomorphic haploid with diploid generations. The results of this investigation reveal the explanation. Nuclear DNA content and other parameters were measured in cells of the filamentous red alga Griffithsia pacifica. Nuclei of the diploid generation contain twice the DNA content of those of the haploid generation. However, all cells except newly formed reproductive cells are multinucleate. The nuclei are arranged in a nearly perfect hexagonal array just beneath the cell surface. When homologous cells of the two generations are compared, although the cell size is nearly identical, each nucleus of the diploid cell is surrounded by a region of cytoplasm (a "domain") nearly twice that surrounding a haploid nucleus. Cytoplasmic domains associated with a diploid nucleus contain twice the number of plastids, and consequently twice the amount of plastid DNA, than is associated with the domain of a haploid nucleus. Thus, doubling of ploidy is reflected in doubling of the size and organelle content of the domain associated with each nucleus. However, cell size does not differ between homologous cells of the two generations, because total nuclear DNA (sum of the DNA in all nuclei in a cell) per cell does not differ. This is the solution to the cytological paradox of isomorphy.

scholarly journals Image-Based Detection of Patient-Specific Drug-Induced Cell-Cycle Effects in Glioblastoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1030-1039
Author(s):  
Damian J. Matuszewski ◽  
Carolina Wählby ◽  
Cecilia Krona ◽  
Sven Nelander ◽  
Ida-Maria Sintorn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Cell Cycle Phase ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Glioblastoma Cells ◽  
Cycle Arrest

Image-based analysis is an increasingly important tool to characterize the effect of drugs in large-scale chemical screens. Herein, we present image and data analysis methods to investigate population cell-cycle dynamics in patient-derived brain tumor cells. Images of glioblastoma cells grown in multiwell plates were used to extract per-cell descriptors, including nuclear DNA content. We reduced the DNA content data from per-cell descriptors to per-well frequency distributions, which were used to identify compounds affecting cell-cycle phase distribution. We analyzed cells from 15 patient cases representing multiple subtypes of glioblastoma and searched for clusters of cell-cycle phase distributions characterizing similarities in response to 249 compounds at 11 doses. We show that this approach applied in a blind analysis with unlabeled substances identified drugs that are commonly used for treating solid tumors as well as other compounds that are well known for inducing cell-cycle arrest. Redistribution of nuclear DNA content signals is thus a robust metric of cell-cycle arrest in patient-derived glioblastoma cells.

scholarly journals A Genetic Pathway Composed of EDT1/HDG11, ERECTA, and E2Fa Loci Regulates Water Use Efficiency by Modulating Stomatal Density

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Yu Guo ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Ping Xu ◽  
Guo-Hua Yu ◽  
Li-Yong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Genetic Pathway ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractImprovement of crop drought resistance and water use efficiency (WUE) has been a major endeavor in agriculture. ERECTA is the first identified major effector of water use efficiency. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. Here, we report a genetic pathway, composed of EDT1/HDG11, ERECTA, and E2Fa loci, which regulates water use efficiency by modulating stomatal density. The HD-START transcription factor EDT1/HDG11 transcriptionally activates ERECTA expression by binding to an HD cis-element in the ERECTA promoter. ERECTA in turn relies on E2Fa to control the expression of cell-cycle related genes and the transition from mitosis to endocycle, which leads to increased nuclear DNA content in leaf cells, and therefore increased cell size and decreased stomatal density. The decreased stomatal density improves plant WUE. Our study demonstrates the EDT1/HDG11-ERECTA-E2Fa genetic pathway that reduces stomatal density by increasing cell size, providing a new avenue to improve WUE of crops.

scholarly journals Relation between nuclear DNA content and rate of cell growth during interphase in four species of Angiospermae

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Marciniak ◽  
M. Olszewska ◽  
R. J. Osiecka ◽  
J. Białas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content

Among four species of <i>Angiospermae</i> with known nuclear DNA content (<i>Cucurbita pepo</i> - 2.6 pg, <i>Helianthus annuus</i> - 12.0 pg, <i>Vicia faba</i> — 38.0 pg, and <i>Tulipa kaufmanniana</i> - 93.7 pg) the cell growth in the intermitotic period of the cell cycle has been observed to be the fastest in <i>Vicia faba</i>, slower in <i>Helianthus annuus</i> and the slowest in <i>Cucurbita pepo</i> and <i>Tulipa kaufmanniana</i>.

scholarly journals The Complex Cell Cycle of the Dinoflagellate Protoctist Crypthecodinium Cohnii as Studied In Vivo and by Cytofluorimetry

1991 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
YVONNE BHAUD ◽  
JEAN-MARIE SALMON ◽  
MARIE-ODILE SOYER-GOBILLARD
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Crypthecodinium Cohnii ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
The Times

The complete cell cycle of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii Biecheler 1938 was observed in vivo in a synchronized heterogeneous population, after DAPI staining of DNA. In a given population, the relative nuclear DNA content in each class of cell was measured using a new numerical image-analysis method that takes into account the total fluorescence intensity (FI), area (A) and shape factor (SF). The visible degree of synchronization of the population was determined from the number of cells with a nuclear content of 1C DNA at ‘synchronization’, time 0. One method of synchronization (method 1), based on the adhesiveness of the cysts, gave no better than 50% synchronization of the population; method 2, based on swimming cells released from cysts cultured on solid medium, gave 73% of cells with the same nuclear DNA content. A scatter plot of data for FI versus A in the first few hours after time 0 showed that the actual degree of synchronization of the population was lower. The length of the C. cohnii cell cycle determined in vivo by light microscopy was 10, 16 or 24 h for vegetative cells giving two, four or eight daughter cells, respectively. Histograms based on the FI measurements showed that in an initially synchronized population observed for 20 h, the times for the first cell cycle were: G1 phase, 6 h; S phase, 1 h 30 min; G2+M, 1h 30 min, with the release of vegetative cells occurring 1 or 2h after the end of cytokinesis. The times for the second cell cycle were G1+S, 3h; G2+M, 2h. FI and A taken together, suggested that the S phase is clearly restricted, as in higher eukaryotes. A and SF, taken together, showed that the large nuclear areas were always in cysts with two or four daughter cells. FI and SF, taken together, showed that the second S phase always occurred after completion of the first nuclear division. Our data concerning the course of the cell cycle in C. cohnii are compared with those from earlier studies, and the control of the number of daughter cells is discussed; this does not depend on the ploidy of the mother cell.

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