scholarly journals A Movement Generated in the Peripheral Nervous System: Rhythmic Flexion by Autotomized Legs of the Stick Insect Cuniculina Impigra

1984 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-199
Author(s):  
U. BÄSSLER
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Muscle Twitch ◽  
Single Motor ◽  
Stimulation Of

Autotomized legs of the stick insect Cuniculina impigra bend rapidly and rhythmically at the femur-tibia joint. These flexions occur at a frequency 1–6 Hz immediately after autotomy and decrease in frequency and amplitude with time. Each flexion is produced by a burst of 1–14 action potentials in a single motor axon of the flexor tibiae muscle (bursting axon). These rhythmic discharges are generated in a very restricted part of the crural nerve, which contains the bursting axon, close to the autotomy point and appear whenever the nerve is cut in the immediate vicinity of this generator region. Rhythmic flexion can also be elicited by electrical stimulation of the crural nerve. The bursting axon is of small diameter. It innervates all or most of flexor tibiae muscle in which it produces relatively large EPSPs. Each EPSP elicits one muscle twitch. These fuse into a brief tetanus, whose amplitude is proportional to the number of spikes in a burst. Each tetanus produces one flexion. This behaviour does not occur in the autotomized legs of several related species.

Some Preliminary Observations on the Effects of Cations on Conduction Processes in the Abdominal Nerve Cord of the Stick Insect, Carausius Morosus

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
J. E. TREHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Carausius Morosus ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. In the haemolymph of the stick insect Carausius morosus the concentration of potassium exceeds that of sodium and the concentration of magnesium exceeds that of calcium. The implications of this situation for nerve conduction have been studied. 2. Conduction is maintained in intact and desheathed preparations of the fourth adbominal ganglion under irrigation with a solution resembling haemolymph in ionic composition. 3. Action potentials recorded in response to electrical stimulation of the nerve cord decline in sodium-free solutions, both in intact and in desheathed preparations. 4. Conduction declines slowly under irrigation with magnesium-free solutions both in intact and in desheathed preparations.

Presynaptic inhibition of transmission from identified interneurons in locust central nervous system

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Pearson ◽  
C. S. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Presynaptic Inhibition ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Movement Detector ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Contralateral Movement ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Intracellular recordings near the output terminals of an identified interneuron (the descending contralateral movement detector, DCMD) in the locust revealed the occurrence of depolarizing synaptic potentials. These presynaptic depolarizing potentials were evoked by spikes in both DCMDs, by auditory stimuli, and by electrical stimulation of the pro- to mesothoracic connectives. The occurrence of the depolarizing potentials decreased the amplitude of the action potentials close to the output terminals. 2. The stimuli that produced depolarizing potentials in the presynaptic terminals reduced the amplitude of the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by the DCMDs in identified follower interneurons. We conclude that at least part of this reduction in transmission from the DCMDs results from presynaptic inhibition and that the presynaptic inhibition is related to a reduction in the amplitude of the presynaptic action potentials. 3. We propose that the function of the presynaptic inhibition of the DCMDs is to ensure that the interneurons triggering a jump are never activated by the DCMDs in the absence of proprioceptive signals from the legs indicating the animal's readiness to jump.

scholarly journals Electrical Stimulation of Muscle: Electrophysiology and Rehabilitation

Physiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Enoka ◽  
Ioannis G. Amiridis ◽  
Jacques Duchateau
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Sensorimotor Function ◽  
External Current ◽  
Sensory Axons ◽  
Physiological Systems ◽  
Stimulation Of

The generation of action potentials in intramuscular motor and sensory axons in response to an imposed external current source can evoke muscle contractions and elicit widespread responses throughout the nervous system that impact sensorimotor function. The benefits experienced by individuals exposed to several weeks of treatment with electrical stimulation of muscle suggest that the underlying adaptations involve several physiological systems, but little is known about the specific changes elicited by such interventions.

scholarly journals The Effects of Curare in the Cockroach

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-601
Author(s):  
K. J. FRIEDMAN ◽  
A. D. CARLSON
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Giant Fibres ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The study of insect curarization in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, has been continued. The application of curare solution (0.032 M dTC) to the nerve cord produced blockage of action-potential conduction in the giant fibres lying within the nerve cord. 2. The application of curare solution to the cerci prevented the recording of action potentials from the cercal nerves of the organism. Application of dTC to the cercal nerve-A6 region of the cockroach prevented giant fibres from responding to electrical stimulation of the cercal nerves. These results are interpreted as indicating that curare blocks the conduction of action potentials in the cercal nerve. 3. It is proposed that curare can induce blockage of conduction in sensory, motor and central nervous system fibres. It is further proposed that this blockage of conduction is the mechanism of insect curarization. 4. The results of previous reports concerned with insect curarization are re-interpreted in view of the proposal. Several of the conflicts in these reports are resolved by the proposal that blockage of conduction is the mechanism of insect curarization.

scholarly journals The use of electrical stimulation in the treatment of diseases of the peripheral nervous system

2000 ◽  
Vol XXXII (1-2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
S. V. Kazarov ◽  
R. A. Altunbaev
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Muscular Disorders ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Neuromuscular Apparatus ◽  
Significant Disability ◽  
Locomotor Disorders ◽  
Stimulation Of

Lesions of the peripheral nervous system are, probably, one of the first places in terms of prevalence among human diseases, accompanied by temporary and permanent disability [2, 18]. In the structure of diseases of the peripheral nervous system, various forms of secondary muscular disorders are obligatory and often leading, which, causing locomotor disorders, lead to significant disability of patients. Deprived of full neurotrophic control, muscle undergoes atrophic and degenerative changes that significantly reduce the chances of restoration of its functional properties even with good reinnervation, carried out naturally or through neurosurgical reconstruction [7, 16, 25, 30]. In this regard, the development and in-depth study of such methods of therapy that would slow down denervation changes in the muscle are of great importance. Undoubtedly, one of the most effective methods in this regard is therapeutic electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular apparatus [4, 8, 11, 13, 16, 21].

Electronmicroscopic and electrophysiological studies of the teat branch of the XIII thoracic nerve: relationship with lactation in the rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Voloschin ◽  
E. Décima ◽  
J. H. Tramezzani
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Thoracic Nerve ◽  
Myelinated Fibres ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Electrical stimulation of the XIII thoracic nerve (the 'mammary nerve') causes milk ejection and the release of prolactin and other hormones. We have analysed the route of the suckling stimulus at the level of different subgroups of fibres of the teat branch of the XIII thoracic nerve (TBTN), which innervates the nipple and surrounding skin, and assessed the micromorphology of the TBTN in relation to lactation. There were 844 ± 63 and 868 ± 141 (s.e.m.) nerve fibres in the TBTN (85% non-myelinated) in virgin and lactating rats respectively. Non-myelinated fibres were enlarged in lactating rats; the modal value being 0·3–0·4 μm2 for virgin and 0·4–0·5 μm2 for lactating rats (P > 0·001; Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). The modal value for myelinated fibres was 3–6 μm2 in both groups. The compound action potential of the TBTN in response to electrical stimulation showed two early volleys produced by the Aα- and Aδ-subgroups of myelinated fibres (conduction velocity rate of 60 and 14 m/s respectively), and a late third volley originated in non-myelinated fibres ('C') group; conduction velocity rate 1·4 m/s). Before milk ejection the suckling pups caused 'double bursts' of fibre activity in the Aδ fibres of the TBTN. Each 'double burst' consisted of low amplitude action potentials and comprised two multiple discharges (33–37 ms each) separated by a silent period of around 35 ms. The 'double bursts' occurred at a frequency of 3–4/s, were triggered by the stimulation of the nipple and were related to fast cheek movements visible only by watching the pups closely. In contrast, the Aα fibres of the TBTN showed brief bursts of high amplitude potentials before milk ejection. These were triggered by the stimulation of cutaneous receptors during gross slow sucking motions of the pup (jaw movements). Immediately before the triggering of milk ejection the mother was always asleep and a low nerve activity was recorded in the TBTN at this time. When reflex milk ejection occurred, the mother woke and a brisk increase in nerve activity was detected; this decreased when milk ejection was accomplished. In conscious rats the double-burst type of discharges in Aδ fibres was not observed, possibly because this activity cannot be detected by the recording methods currently employed in conscious animals. During milk ejection, action potentials of high amplitude were conveyed in the Aα fibres of the TBTN. During the treading time of the stretch reaction (SR), a brisk increase in activity occurred in larger fibres; during the stretching periods of the SR a burst-type discharge was again observed in slow-conducting afferents; when the pups changed nipple an abrupt increase in activity occurred in larger fibres. In summary, the non-myelinated fibres of the TBTN are increased in diameter during lactation, and the pattern of suckling-evoked nerve activity in myelinated fibres showed that (a) the double burst of Aδ fibres, produced by individual sucks before milk ejection, could be one of the conditions required for the triggering of the reflex, and (b) the nerve activity displayed during milk-ejection action may result, at least in part, from 'non-specific' stimulation of cutaneous receptors. J. Endocr. (1988) 118, 471–483

scholarly journals Effect of Low-Level Electrical Stimulation of the Arotic Root Ventricular Ganglionated Plexi on Electrical and Structural Remodling in Dogs with Heart Failure

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Aortic Root ◽  
General Argument ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Ganglionated Plexi ◽  
Atrial Enlargement ◽  
Stimulation Of

Low-level electrical stimulation (LL-ES) of aortic root ventricular ganglionated plexi (GP) was proved to be antiarrhythmic in the initiation of AF mediated by autonomic nervous system. However,it is still uncertain whether LL-ES of the ventricular GP can reverse the structural remodeling of myocardial fibrosis and atrial enlargement following heart failure by attenuating the sympathetic tone. Therefore,this review will give an general argument on this topic.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document