scholarly journals Energy Partitioning in Fish: The Activityrelated Cost of Osmoregulation in a Euryhaline Cichlid

1987 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO FEBRY ◽  
PETER LUTZ
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Related Cost ◽  
The Cost

We have investigated how the maintenance, net cost of swimming and total (maintenance + net cost of swimming) metabolic rates of red, hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ♀ × O. hornorum ♂) responded to different acclimation salinities, and if these responses correlated with changes in ion-osmoregulation (= osmoregulation) costs. Three groups of fish were acclimated to either fresh water (FW, 0‰), isosmotic sea water (ISW, 12‰) or full strength sea water (SW, 35 ‰) and oxygen consumption was measured while they swam at 10, 20, 30 and 40cms-1. Maintenance oxygen consumption (estimated by extrapolation), for an average fish (63g), increased among groups in the following order: FW < ISW < SW. The net cost of swimming increased in the order ISW < SW < FW, and total oxygen consumption (maintenance + net cost of swimming) increased in the order ISW < FW < SW. We assumed that the contribution of cardiac, branchial and swimming muscles to the net cost of swimming was proportional to swimming speed only, and therefore, at similar speeds, differences in the net cost of swimming among salinities were due to changes in the activity-related cost of osmoregulation. Consequently, the order in which the net cost of swimming increases from one group to another is the same as the order in which the cost of osmoregulation increases. Since the sequences for maintenance and total metabolic rates differed from that for the net cost of swimming, salinity-related increases in these rates cannot be attributed exclusively to changes in osmoregulation cost. We conclude, based on the differences in the net cost of swimming, that osmoregulation in FW is more expensive than in SW, and that it is cheapest in ISW. Although we were not able to estimate the total cost of osmoregulation in FW and SW, we estimated the activity-related cost, relative to the cost in ISW, at different swimming speeds (net cost of swimming in FW or SW minus net cost of swimming in ISW at each speed). For a 63-g fish in FW, this cost increased from zero at rest, to 41mgO2kg−1h−1 (16% of the total metabolic rate, 24% of the net cost swimming) at 40 cms−1. In SW the same cost increased only to 32 mgO2 kg−1h−1 (12% of the total metabolic rate, 20% of the net cost of swimming) at 40cms−1. The net cost of swimming in FW or SW increased with swimming speed at a rate 3×4 times faster

Respiratory Metabolism of Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) in Relation to Swimming Speed

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett ◽  
D. B. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Respiratory Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Rates

By use of a "tunnel" respirometer the relation between oxygen consumption (Y, mg O2/kg/hr) and swimming speed (X, body lengths/sec) for 45-g pumpkinseed at 20 °C was found to follow the equation log10Y = 1.65 4 + 0.31 X. Standard and active metabolic rates were 45 ± 6.6 and 408 ± 39 mg O2/kg/hr, respectively. Maximum 60-min sustained swimming speeds averaged 3.01 ± 0.27 lengths/sec.At low velocities, with more than one fish present, elevation of the metabolic rate occurred from aggressive behaviour, reaching one-half the active rate.

The Use of a New Tilting Tunnel Respirometer to Investigate Some Aspects of Metabolism and Swimming Activity of the Plaice (Pleuronectes Platessa L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-309
Author(s):  
I. G. PRIEDE ◽  
F.G. T. HOLLIDAY
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negatively Buoyant

1. Plaice and other flatfish can be induced to swim down a slope of about 60° against an upwelling water flow in a water tunnel. 2. A tilting Brett-type tunnel respirometer based on the above principle enabled laboratory experiments on swimming plaice to be carried out. 3. From trials at 5°, 10°, 15 °C, the relationship between specific swimming speed, V (body lengths s−1), oxygen consumption, R (mg−1. kg−1 h−1) and temperature, T is: log10 = 0.3318V + log10 (2.45T+26.52). 4. If the fish is resting (i.e. V = 0), the oxygen consumption is lower than predicted by the above equation. At rest: R = 3.14T+2.66. 5. The cost of swimming in plaice is very similar to that of typical round fish such as haddock but the resting metabolic rate is lower than for haddock. 6. Before swimming, a negatively buoyant fish such as plaice must lift off the bottom. This cost of lift-off or posture effect makes it uneconomical for plaice to swim at speeds below 0.6V.

Leptocephalus energetics: metabolism and excretion

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (18) ◽  
pp. 2485-2493
Author(s):  
R.E. Bishop ◽  
J.J. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Ion Pump ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Developmental Strategy ◽  
Juvenile Form

Leptocephali are the unusual transparent larvae that are typical of eels, bonefish, tarpon and ladyfish. Unlike the larvae of all other fishes, leptocephali may remain in the plankton as larvae for several months before metamorphosing into the juvenile form. During their planktonic phase, leptocephali accumulate energy reserves in the form of glycosaminoglycans, which are then expended to fuel metamorphosis. The leptocephalus developmental strategy is thus fundamentally different from that exhibited in all other fishes in two respects: it is far longer in duration and energy reserves are accumulated. It was anticipated that the unusual character of leptocephalus development would be reflected in the energy budget of the larva. This study describes the allocation of energy to metabolism and excretion, two important elements of the energy budget. Metabolic rates were measured directly in four species of leptocephali, Paraconger caudilimbatus, Ariosoma balearicum, Gymnothorax saxicola and Ophichthus gomesii, using sealed-jar respirometry at sea. Direct measurements of metabolic rates were corroborated by measuring activities of lactate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, two key enzymes of intermediary metabolism, in addition to that of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, a ubiquitous ion pump important in osmotic regulation. Excretion rates were determined by subsampling the sea water used in the respiratory incubations. The entire premetamorphic size range for each species was used in all assays. Mass-specific oxygen consumption rate, excretion rate and all enzyme activities (y) declined precipitously with increasing mass (M) according to the equation y=aM(b), where a is a species-specific constant and −1.74<b<-0.44. In leptocephali, the highly negative slope of the familiar allometric equation describing the relationship between mass-specific metabolic rate and mass, normally between −0.33 and 0, showed that a massive decline in metabolic rate occurs with increasing size. The result suggests that the proportion of actively metabolizing tissue also declines with size, being replaced in large measure by the metabolically inert energy depot, the glycosaminoglycans. Leptocephali can thus grow to a large size with minimal metabolic penalty, which is an unusual and successful developmental strategy.

Metabolic phenotype is not associated with vulnerability to angling in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1264-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Louison ◽  
J.A. Stein ◽  
C.D. Suski
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Bluegill Sunfish ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Context Specific

Prior work has described a link between an individual’s metabolic rate and a willingness to take risks. One context in which high metabolic rates and risk-prone behaviors may prove to be maladaptive is in fish that strike fishing lures only to be captured by anglers. It has been shown that metabolic phenotype may be altered by angling; however, little work has assessed metabolic rate in fish and its relationship to angling vulnerability in a realistic angling trial. To address this, we subjected a set of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819) to a series of angling sessions. Following this, a subset of 23 fish that had been captured at least once and 25 fish that had not been captured were assessed for metabolic phenotype (standard and maximum metabolic rates, postexercise oxygen consumption, and recovery time) via intermittent flow respirometry. Contrary to predictions, captured and uncaptured fish did not differ in any measurement of metabolic rate. These results suggest that metabolic phenotype is not a determinant of angling vulnerability within the studied context. It is possible, therefore, that previously described alterations in metabolic phenotype owing to angling pressure may be context-specific and may not apply to all species and angling contexts.

Metabolic rates of freely diving Weddell seals: correlations with oxygen stores, swim velocity and diving duration

1992 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Castellini ◽  
G. L. Kooyman ◽  
P. J. Ponganis
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Theoretical Limit ◽  
Weddell Seals ◽  
Consumption Values ◽  
Aerobic Dive Limit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Cost

The metabolic rates of freely diving Weddell seals were measured using modern methods of on-line computer analysis coupled to oxygen consumption instrumentation. Oxygen consumption values were collected during sleep, resting periods while awake and during diving periods with the seals breathing at the surface of the water in an experimental sea-ice hole in Antarctica. Oxygen consumption during diving was not elevated over resting values but was statistically about 1.5 times greater than sleeping values. The metabolic rate of diving declined with increasing dive duration, but there was no significant difference between resting rates and rates in dives lasting up to 82 min. Swimming speed, measured with a microprocessor velocity recorder, was constant in each animal. Calculations of the aerobic dive limit of these seals were made from the oxygen consumption values and demonstrated that most dives were within this theoretical limit. The results indicate that the cost of diving is remarkably low in Weddell seals relative to other diving mammals and birds.

Resting and field metabolic rates of Awassi sheep and Baladi goats raised by Negev bedouin

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-437
Author(s):  
Michael Kam ◽  
Shaher El-Meccawi ◽  
Arieh Brosh ◽  
A. Allan Degen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates ◽  
The Cost

AbstractSheep are grazers and goats are intermediate feeders. By employing O2 consumption and heart rate measurements, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and field metabolic rate (FMR) were determined in four male fat-tailed Awassi sheep (44.0 ± 3.94) and four male Baladi goats (35.5 ± 5.42 kg) that were co-grazing natural pasture in the Negev Desert. There were 67.7 ± 3.75 g DM/m2 of herbaceous vegetation biomass, which was rapidly becoming senescent and more fibrous. We hypothesized that FMR of these desert-adapted ruminants would be relatively low when compared to other sheep and goat breeds, as animals in arid areas tend to have low metabolic rates. Both sheep (n = 6) and goats (n = 6) foraged 71% of the allotted 11 h free-pasture period; however, sheep grazed more than goats (P < 0.001); whereas goats browsed more than sheep (P < 0.001). RMR was higher (P = 0.007) in sheep than in goats (529 ± 23.5 v. 474 ± 25.4 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d), but FMR did not differ between species (618 ± 55.7 v. 613 ± 115.2 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d). In addition, the cost of activities, as a proportion of FMR, did not differ between sheep and goats; FMR increased by 89 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d or 17% in sheep and by 138 kJ/kg0.75 BW/d or 29% in goats. In comparing FMRs of sheep and goats in this study with these species in other studies, differences were inconsistent and, therefore, our hypothesis was not supported.

Interaction Between Thyroxine and Dibenzyline on Metabolic Rate

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neena B. Schwartz ◽  
Gerald E. Hammond ◽  
Gerald A. Gronert
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Pressor Effect ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Doses of Dibenzyline adequate to block the pressor effect of epinephrine were administered to rats with various degrees of chronic hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Rate of oxygen consumption was measured under barbiturate anesthesia. Dibenzyline decreased or did not change hypothyroid metabolic rates, but increased metabolic rates in hyperthyroid rats. The data indicated that Dibenzyline exerts a synergistic effect with thyroxine on metabolism resembling the previously reported synergism between thyroxine and epinephrine. Apparently discrepant findings presented in the literature regarding the interaction of thyroxine and Dibenzyline probably result from differences in the thyroid status of the experimental animals.

Standard metabolic rate and preferred body temperatures in some Australian pythons

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin S. Bedford ◽  
Keith A. Christian
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Preferred Body Temperature

Pythons have standard metabolic rates and preferred body temperatures that are lower than those of most other reptiles. This study investigated metabolic rates and preferred body temperatures of seven taxa of Australian pythons. We found that Australian pythons have particularly low metabolic rates when compared with other boid snakes, and that the metabolic rates of the pythons did not change either seasonally or on a daily cycle. Preferred body temperatures do vary seasonally in some species but not in others. Across all species and seasons, the preferred body temperature range was only 4.9˚C. The thermal sensitivity (Q10) of oxygen consumption by pythons conformed to the established range of between 2 and 3. Allometric equations for the pooled python data at each of the experimental temperatures gave an equation exponent of 0.72–0.76, which is similar to previously reported values. By having low preferred body temperatures and low metabolic rates, pythons appear to be able to conserve energy while still maintaining a vigilant ‘sit and wait’ predatory existence. These physiological attributes would allow pythons to maximise the time they can spend ‘sitting and waiting’ in the pursuit of prey.

scholarly journals TOTAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND METABOLIC RATE OF PATIENTS IN DIABETIC ACIDOSIS 1

1952 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fisher ◽  
Jerome I. Kleinerman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Oxygen

Oxygen uptake by embryos and ovigerous females of two intertidal crabs, Heterozius rotundifrons (Belliidae) and Cyclograpsus lavauxi (Grapsidae): scaling and the metabolic costs of reproduction

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Taylor ◽  
N. Leelapiyanart
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Female Crab ◽  
Metabolic Scaling ◽  
Intertidal Habitats

Heterozius rotundifrons and Cyclograpsus lavauxi are crabs of similar size, whose intertidal habitats overlap. They differ in the number and size of their eggs. A 2 g ovigerous H. rotundifrons incubates 675 large yolky eggs (mean single-egg mass 269 microg; egg clutch 9.15 % of mass of female crab; increasing to 435 microg and 13.4 % at hatching). The egg clutch of a 2 g C. lavauxi is larger (15.4 % of crab mass increasing to 18.9 % at hatching) and contains more numerous (28 000), smaller (10.9 microg increasing to 20.3 microg) eggs. The longer development time of the larger eggs (194 days versus 56 days at 15 degrees C) results from a delayed increase in metabolic rate (diapause) and not metabolic scaling. On the basis of the total mass of single eggs, the mass-specific metabolic rates of early embryonic stages of H. rotundifrons (0.72 micromol g(−1)h(−1) for the blastula stage at 15 degrees C) and C. lavauxi (1.13 micromol g(−1)h(−1)) were similar to those of the adult female crabs (0.70 micromol g(−1)h(−1) for H. rotundifrons and 0.91 micromol g(−1)h(−1) for C. lavauxi) and increased 13- and 10-fold, respectively, by the time of hatching. Thus, early embryonic metabolic rates were much lower than expected from their mass, but the metabolic rates of pre-hatching embryos were consistent with the allometry of juveniles and adults. Possible interpretations of this apparently anomalous scaling of embryonic metabolic rates are discussed. Mass-specific rates of oxygen consumption by ovigerous females (including the eggs) of both species were higher than for non-ovigerous crabs, in water and in air, and increased greatly during the development of the eggs. This difference was attributable mainly to the increasing metabolic rates of the attached embryos, but early ovigerous crabs (blastula stage) of both species also demonstrated a small elevation in metabolic rate by the crab itself, i.e. a metabolic cost of egg-bearing. In contrast, the elevation of the rate of oxygen consumption by late ovigerous females of C. lavauxi was less than predicted from the metabolic rate of eggs in a stirred respirometer. This suggests that, towards the end of development in C. lavauxi, the oxygen supply to the eggs in situ may be diffusion-limited by unstirred layers, an effect not observed for the larger eggs and more open egg clutch of H. rotundifrons. The cost of development, in terms of total oxygen consumption of single eggs, from extrusion to hatching, was 3.34 micromol O2 (approximately 1.5 J) for H. rotundifrons and 0.105 micromol O2 (approximately 0.05 J) for C. lavauxi. This 30-fold ratio approximates the ratios of their initial masses and yolk contents but represents only approximately one-third of the initial energy contents of the eggs.

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