scholarly journals Central Nervous Activity in the Earthworm

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-299
Author(s):  
H. O. J. COLLIER
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Process ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Finite Period ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Considerable Period ◽  
Exciting Effect

1. Regular rhythmic peristaltic movements of a preparation consisting of 20-40 complete segments of the earthworm may be initiated by longitudinal tension and by certain types of tactile stimulation. 2. Peristaltic movements do not occur in such a preparation in the absence of stimulation, and cease within a finite period after the cessation of a stimulus. 3. Peristaltic movements do not occur after excision of the nerve cord. The rhythmic responses to tension and touch are therefore together described as the peristaltic reflexes, and the response to tension is individually described as the tension reflex. 4. The preparation shows a variety of responses to touch. Tactile stimuli may evoke peristalsis; they may also elicit arhythmic contractions accompanied by immobilization of peristalsis. 5. The peristaltic reflexes can be immobilized both by heavy vibration of the apparatus, and by certain tactile stimuli. The immobilization can occur without the accompaniment of any arhythmic contraction of the preparation. The immobilization can be referred to as an inhibitory process, since it exhibits features characteristic of inhibition: (i) lessening in the amplitude of beat in recovery from complete immobilization; (ii) reduction of the frequency of beat in the same circumstance. 6. The inhibition of peristalsis is conducted through the central nervous system. 7. The inhibitory effect persists for a considerable period after cessation of the stimulus. 8. Inhibition may be followed by "rebound". "Rebound" may be caused by the subsidiary exciting effect of the inhibitory stimulus.

On humoral factors in nervous activity

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-787
Author(s):  
D. S. Vorontsov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Not only in the peripheral working organs, irritating substances are formed, which, as we can see, take an active part in their regulation, but also in the central nervous system, in the relationship of its individual elements, such substances apparently play an important role.

Neuropharmacological characterization of insulin-sensitive CNS glucoregulator

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Szabo ◽  
AJ Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Insulin Injection ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Systemic Blood ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Efferent Pathways ◽  
Intravenous Atropine

Regional insulinization of the central nervous system (CNS) through the carotid artery causes an immediate decrease of the systemic blood sugar level in rats under light barbiturate anesthesia. Cervical vagotomy or intraperitoneal or intravenous atropine pretreatment results in partial inhibition of the systemic hypoglycemic response that follows intracarotid insulin injection. Intraperitoneal, intravenous, or intracarotid pretreatment with phentolamine or propranolol or intracarotid pretreatment with epinephrine had no effect on this centrally induced hypoglycemia. Intracarotid atropine injection immediately prior to intracarotid insulin injection completely abolished the systemic hypoglycemic response. Pretreatment with neostigmine administered intravenously prevented the inhibitory effect of intracarotid atropine on the hypoglycemic response that followed intracarotid insulin injection. It is consluded that the insulin-sensitive glucoregulator center of the CNS is under cholinergic influence, or its efferent pathways have a centrally located cholinergic synapsis.

β-Neoendorphin inhibits thyrotrophin secretion in rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terunori Mitsuma ◽  
Tsuyoshi Nogimori
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Specific Radioimmunoassay ◽  
Tsh Secretion ◽  
Pretreated Group ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tsh Levels

Abstract. The effects of β-neoendorphin on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyrotrophin (TSH) secretion in rats were studied. β-neoendorphin (500 μg/kg) was injected iv, and the rats were decapitated serially. TRH, TSH, thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by means of a specific radioimmunoassay for each. Hypothalamic immunoreactive TRH (ir-TRH) content increased significantly after β-neoendorphin injection, and plasma concentrations tended to decrease, but not significantly so. Plasma TSH levels decreased significantly in a dose-related manner with a nadir at 40 min. Plasma T4 and T3 levels did not change after the injection. Plasma ir-TRH and TSH responses to cold were significantly inhibited by β-neoendorphin, but the plasma TSH response to TRH was not. Naloxone partially prevented the inhibitory effect of β-neoendorphin on TSH release. In the haloperidol- or 5-hydroxytryptophan-pretreated group, the inhibitory effect of β-neoendorphin on TSH release was prevented, but not in the l-dopa- or para-chlorophenylalanine-pretreated group. These drugs alone did not affect plasma TSH levels at the dose used. These findings suggest that β-neoendorphin acts on the hypothalamus by inhibiting TRH release, which may be modified by amines of the central nervous system.

Direct Inhibitory Effect of Fluoxetine on N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in the Central Nervous System

2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 1303-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadett K. Szasz ◽  
Arpad Mike ◽  
Robert Karoly ◽  
Zoltan Gerevich ◽  
Peter Illes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Direct Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neural pathways involved in sacral neuromodulation of reflex bladder activity in cats

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (6) ◽  
pp. F710-F717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Shouguo Zhao ◽  
Bing Shen ◽  
Jicheng Wang ◽  
Dwight E. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Sacral Neuromodulation ◽  
Bladder Capacity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bladder Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

This study examined the mechanisms underlying the effects of sacral neuromodulation on reflex bladder activity in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Bladder activity was recorded during cystometrograms (CMGs) or under isovolumetric conditions. An S1–S3 dorsal (DRT) or ventral root (VRT) was electrically stimulated at a range of frequencies (1–30 Hz) and at intensities relative to threshold (0.25–2T) for evoking anal/toe twitches. Stimulation of DRTs but not VRTs at 1T intensity and frequencies of 1–30 Hz inhibited isovolumetric rhythmic bladder contractions. A 5-Hz DRT stimulation during CMGs was optimal for increasing ( P < 0.05) bladder capacity (BC), but stimulation at 15 and 30 Hz was ineffective. Stimulation of the S1 DRT was more effective (increases BC to 144% and 164% of control at 1T and 2T, respectively) than S2 DRT stimulation (increases BC to 132% and 150% of control). Bilateral transection of the hypogastric or pudendal nerves did not change the inhibitory effect induced by S1 DRT stimulation. Repeated stimulation of S1 and S2 DRTs during multiple CMGs elicited a significant ( P < 0.05) increase in BC (to 155 ± 11% of control) that persisted after termination of the stimulation. These results in cats suggest that the inhibition of reflex bladder activity by sacral neuromodulation occurs primarily in the central nervous system by inhibiting the ascending or descending pathways of the spinobulbospinal micturition reflex.

scholarly journals Contribution of Professor B.M. Savin to the development ofaviation and space medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-270
Author(s):  
A. A. Blaginin ◽  
I. V. Bukhtiarov ◽  
P. S. Pashenko ◽  
A. V. Savin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Space Medicine ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Life Path

The main milestones of scientific and pedagogical activity, as well as the life path of one of the leading representatives of aviation medicine, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, outstanding researcher and wonderful teacher, author of works on the problem of influence of overload and hypervesomity on the body and central nervous system of man- Boris MikhailvichSavin are considered. Separate moments of his participation in the Great Patriotic War before daily work as the head of research department of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov are presented. The contribution of Boris Savin to the study of issues related to aviation and space medicine, in particular: the study of the action on the body of overload and the clarification of physiological mechanisms underlying changes in higher nervous activity at accelerations, was analyzed; Studying the state of the central nervous system when exposed to various factors; Development of neuroreflective theory of adverse effect of accelerations on human body. Boris Mikhailvich has made a huge contribution to the development of aviation and space medicine and has entered the history of aviation and space medicine through his research and scientific publications, which include monographs The influence of overload on the functional state of the central nervous system and the mechanism of disruption of its activities and Hypervesomeness and functions of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Do the results of the sensomotor response reflect the typological properties of the central nervous system?

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
V. S. Lyzohub ◽  
V. V. Shpanyuk ◽  
V. O. Pustovalov ◽  
T. V. Kozhemyako ◽  
V. O. Suprunovich
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction.During the study, we tried to find out whether the temporal characteristics of sensory-motor response can reflect the typological properties of the central nervous system. Such research is essential to reveal the mechanisms of development of higher mental functions and mental capacity.Purpose.To establish the relationship between the speed characteristics of visual-motor reaction different complexity and individual-typological properties of the central nervous system.Methods.Individual differences of sensorimotor reaction and the properties of the main nervous processes were determined by the method of M. V. Makarenko [8] using the computer system "Diagnost-1". 32 teenagers aged 10-11 were examined. During the study, the indicators of latent periods of simple (SVMR) and complex visual-motor reactions of choice (RC1-2, RC2-3), functional mobility of nervous processes (FMNS) were investigated. Results.Speed characteristics of simple (SVMR) and complex visual-motor reactions of choice of one (RC1-3) and choice of two (RC2-3) excitatory and inhibitory signals were studied in order to 202177use them to assess individual typological properties of the central nervous system (CNS) in adolescents 10-11 years old. There is no evidence of a relationship between the rate of SVMR with different levels of functional mobility (FMNS) of nervous processes in adolescents 10-11 years old.The reaction rate did not differ statistically and was the same in representatives with high, medium and low levels oftypological properties of nervous system. The results of the correlation analysis between SVMR and FMNP were r = 0.13 (p = 0.59), which indicated no relationship between them. The relationship of sensorimotor response time with individual-typological features of the CNS was established in complex information differentiation RC2-3. The temporal characteristics of RC2-3 were dependent on the individual-typological properties of the CNS.The reaction rate of RC2-3 was higher in adolescents 10-11 years old with high levels of -3 were r = 0.35 (p = 0.034).The results show that the velocity characteristics of complex neurodynamic acts, in contrast to simple ones, can be used as quantitative characteristics of the typological properties of the CNS.Originality.The results of our research may be evidence that the indicator RC2-3 can be used as an additional informative criterion for assessing the individual-typological properties of the higher parts of the central nervous system.Conclusion. The temporal characteristics of SVMR and RC1-3 cannot be considered as informative criteria for assessing the individual-typological properties of CNS in adolescents 10-11 years. Time characteristics of RC2-3 differentiation reactions can be used as additional indicators for assessing the individual-typological properties of higher nervous activity in adolescents 10-11 years, namely, the level of functional mobility of nervous processes.Key words:processing of information of various complexity, speed characteristics of simple reactions, motor acts of choice and differentiation, individual-typological properties, functional mobility of nervous processes

A conserved location for the central nervous system control of mating behaviour in gastropod molluscs: evidence from a terrestrial snail

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Koene ◽  
R.F. Jansen ◽  
A. Ter Maat ◽  
R. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
System Control ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right ◽  
Snail Helix Aspersa

We have investigated the role of the right mesocerebrum in the expression of mating behaviour in the garden snail Helix aspersa. Using an in vivo stimulation and recording technique, we provide evidence for both sensory and motor functions in the mesocerebral neuronal population. Some neurones were specifically sensitive to tactile stimuli delivered to the skin on the superior tentacles and around the genital pore. Electrical stimulation of the right mesocerebrum evoked genital eversion and, in combination with tactile stimulation, dart-shooting and penial eversion. Genital eversions were also elicited by injections of APGWamide. During courtship, one recorded unit increased its activity only in correlation with penial eversion, while six other units increased their activity only during dart-shooting. Three additional units increased their activity during both types of behaviour. In addition, most of the recorded units showed increased neuronal activity during times of contact with a partner. Comparison of our results with available data from other molluscs leads us to conclude that the right anteromedial region of the cerebral ganglion is an evolutionarily conserved region of the gastropod brain specialised for the control of male mating behaviour. It is striking to find such functional conservation in the central nervous system of phylogenetically distant gastropods given the large differences in behaviour during mating.

On humoral factors in nervous activity

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-663
Author(s):  
D. S. Vorontsov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Until recently, science has held the view that the body's activities are managed in two fundamentally different ways - the nervous system, where the central nervous system plays the main coordinating role, and the chemical system.

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