scholarly journals Regulation of the Haemolymph in the Saline Water Mosquito Larva Aedes Detritus Edw

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Aedes Detritus ◽  
Salt Exchange ◽  
Water Species

1. The larvae of the mosquito Aedes detritus have been reported only from definitely saline waters. They have been found in water of salinity equivalent to c 10 % NaCl. 2. In the laboratory they were acclimatized with ease to distilled water, sea water (7 % Nacl), 3.5 % NaCl, and glycerol (3.5 % NaCl). They also show considerable resistance to N/20 NaOH, but less to N/20 KOH and N/50 HCl. They are unable to live permanently in solutions of the chlorides of potassium, calcium and magnesium of osmotic pressure equivalent to 3.5 % NaCl. 3. In sea water of varying salinity they can regulate both the total osmotic pressure and chloride content of the haemolymph. A rise from nil to 6.0 % NaCl in the osmotic pressure of the medium is reflected in an increase of from c. 0.8 % to 1.4 % NaCl in that of the haemolymph. 4. In hypotonic solutions and distilled water much chloride is lost, but this is compensated by an increase in the non-chloride fraction. In hypertonic sea water the rise in osmotic pressure is due to increase in the chloride fraction, the non-chloride fraction remaining constant. 5. From this and from experiments with non-electrolytes it is concluded that the larva is permeable to salts and to molecules as large as glycerol, and that the regulatory mechanism in hypertonic saline is concerned with compensation rather for penetration of salts than for loss of water by osmosis. 6. Ligature experiments suggest that this mechanism is the excretion of salt by the Malpighian tubes, but further proof is required. 7. Salt exchange with the environment takes place via the gut, the body surface being impermeable to salts and water. 8. The larvae are able to concentrate chloride from hypotonic solutions but not as effectively as fresh-water species and only when the chloride content of the medium is a little below that of the haemolymph. 9. The anal gills, as in all salt-water species, are very small and appear to be impermeable to salts and water. It is therefore concluded that they are not the seat of the chloride-absorbing mechanism. 10. The osmotic pressure of the haemolymph is trebled by treatment with glycerol (3.5 % NaCl), which must be mainly the result of penetration of glycerol. The larva will however live normally in this, and an important factor in the resistance to abnormal media is therefore the adaptability of the tissues to changes in the concentration and composition of the haemolymph. 11. The increase in the osmotic pressure of the haemolymph induced by hypertonic sea water and glycerol does not alter the amount of fluid in the tracheoles. This is discussed in relation to the possible mechanism for the absorption of the tracheole fluid.

Infra-red spectra of muscle

1952 ◽  
Vol 139 (897) ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
The Third

Three rations, 350 ml. distilled water, 250 ml. distilled water plus 96·5 g carbohydrate, and 350 ml. distilled water plus 150 ml. sea water, were given daily for 3-day periods to six subjects receiving no other food or drink. The experiment was fully ‘crossed-over' and was carried out in a constant environment. On the carbohydrate ration the water balance over the third day of exposure was about 200 ml. better than on the ration consisting of water only, and the rise in the total osmotic pressure of the body was smaller. The improvement in water balance was the result of a reduction in urine volume, which was in turn due to the effects of carbohydrate upon meta­bolism. These effects were (1) the sparing of body protein, (2) the prevention of ketosis and (3) a reduction of the basal metabolic rate. It is suggested that all three may have been brought about by a common mechanism. On the sea-water ration the water balance for the third day was improved by 80 to 150 ml., but the rise in the osmotic pressure of the body was greater than when distilled water alone was given. These effects were due to the retention of most of the water of the sea water, together with the salt which it contained. It is suggested that the effects of sea-water drinking on body tonicity and fluid distribution are deleterious, and that the gain of water observed on the third day would eventually have been replaced by a loss.

The effects of carbohydrate and sea water on the metabolism of men without food or sufficient water

1952 ◽  
Vol 139 (897) ◽  
pp. 527-545 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
The Third

Three rations, 350 ml. distilled water, 250 ml. distilled water plus 96·5 g carbohydrate, and 350 ml. distilled water plus 150 ml. sea water, were given daily for 3-day periods to six subjects receiving no other food or drink. The experiment was fully ‘crossed-over' and was carried out in a constant environment. On the carbohydrate ration the water balance over the third day of exposure was about 200 ml. better than on the ration consisting of water only, and the rise in the total osmotic pressure of the body was smaller. The improvement in water balance was the result of a reduction in urine volume, which was in turn due to the effects of carbohydrate upon metabolism. These effects were (1) the sparing of body protein, (2) the prevention of ketosis and (3) a reduction of the basal metabolic rate. It is suggested that all three may have been brought about by a common mechanism. On the sea-water ration the water balance for the third day was improved by 80 to 150 ml., but the rise in the osmotic pressure of the body was greater than when distilled water alone was given. These effects were due to the retention of most of the water of the sea water, together with the salt which it contained. It is suggested that the effects of sea-water drinking on body tonicity and fluid distribution are deleterious, and that the gain of water observed on the third day would eventually have been replaced by a loss.

The Osmotic and Ionic Regulation of Artemia Salina (L.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. CROGHAN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Rapid Fall ◽  
Water Media ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

1. It has been possible to adapt Artemia to sea-water media varying from 0.26% NaCl to crystallizing brine. In fresh water or distilled water survival is relatively short. 2. The osmotic pressure of the haemolymph is relatively independent of the medium and increases only slightly as the medium is made more concentrated. In the more concentrated media the haemolymph is very markedly hypotonic. In media more dilute than 25% sea water the haemolymph is hypertonic. In distilled water there is a rapid fall of haemolymph concentration. The haemolymph of nauplii from sea water is hypotonic. 3. The sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride concentrations of the haemolymph have been determined. The bulk of the haemolymph osmotic pressure is accounted for by sodium and chloride ions. The ionic ratios of the haemolymph are relatively constant, and very different from those of the medium. 4. The concentrations of ions in the whole animal have been studied. The chloride space is extremely high. Such changes in haemolymph osmotic pressure that do occur as the medium concentration is varied are due more to net movements of NaCl into or out of the body than to water movements. 5. Evidence is collected to show that an appreciable degree of permeability exists. Most of this permeability is localized to the gut epithelium, the external surface being much less permeable. 6. It is clear that Artemia must possess mechanisms that can actively excrete NaCl and take up water in hypertonic media. It has been demonstrated that Anemia can lower the haemolymph osmotic pressure by excreting NaCl from the haemolymph against the concentration gradient.

Osmoregulation in the Larva of the Marine Caddis Fly, Philanisus Plebeius (Walk.) (Trichoptera)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-838
Author(s):  
JOHN P. LEADER
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Caddis Fly

1. The larva of Philanisus plebeius is capable of surviving for at least 10 days in external salt concentrations from 90 mM/l sodium chloride (about 15 % sea water) to 900 mM/l sodium chloride (about 150 % sea water). 2. Over this range the osmotic pressure and the sodium and chloride ion concentrations of the haemolymph are strongly regulated. The osmotic pressure of the midgut fluid and rectal fluid is also strongly regulated. 3. The body surface of the larva is highly permeable to water and sodium ions. 4. In sea water the larva is exposed to a large osmotic flow of water outwards across the body surface. This loss is replaced by drinking the medium. 5. The rectal fluid of larvae in sea water, although hyperosmotic to the haemolymph, is hypo-osmotic to the medium, making it necessary to postulate an extra-renal site of salt excretion. 6. Measurements of electrical potential difference across the body wall of the larva suggest that in sea water this tissue actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the body.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Uranium Nitrate ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

I. In normal animals the injection of caffeine slightly diminishes the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, in spite of the fact that the amount of fluid and sodium chloride eliminated through the kidneys is markedly increased. The lessened absorption of fluid is due to a slight lowering of the osmotic pressure of the blood. II. In nephrectomized animals caffeine increases the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity; the increase in absorption is greater in nephrectomized animals which received caffeine than in nephrectomized animals which did not receive this substance, and it is due to additive increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood. In a similar manner, caffeine increases the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity in animals in which, instead of nephrectomy, other operations, not directly affecting the kidneys, had been performed. In this case also the increase in absorption is presumably preceded by and due to an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood. III. In animals injected with uranium nitrate three days previously, caffeine diminishes the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, notwithstanding the high osmotic pressure of the blood which we observe in such animals. This agrees with the results of our previous experiments in which we found that in animals injected with uranium nitrate the absorption of fluid is not increased in spite of the rise of the osmotic pressure of the blood. IV. At the time of the conclusion of the absorption experiments, the amount of fluid retained in the vessels was found to be diminished in each series in which caffeine was used. Only in certain cases can this be due to the increased amount of fluid leaving the blood vessels through the kidneys; in other cases it can only be due to a movement of water from the blood vessels into the tissues caused by the injection of caffeine. V. In normal animals, in nephrectomized animals and in animals in which an operation not directly affecting the kidneys had been performed, caffeine causes an absolute and relative increase in the elimination of sodium chloride from the peritoneal fluid, as a result of which the remaining peritoneal fluid shows a lessened content of sodium chloride. Caffeine causes also a decrease in the sodium chloride content of the blood. We see, therefore, that under the influence of caffeine a greater amount of sodium chloride is eliminated from the body fluids into the tissues or through the kidneys. The factors which cause the sodium chloride to leave the body fluids are probably primarily responsible for the diuresis which takes place after administration of caffeine. In the case of caffeine and other similar substances the diuresis is, therefore, in all probability not due primarily to a specific action of the kidney, but to conditions which affect the distribution of sodium chloride in the body. VI. The distribution coefficient of other osmotically active substances differs from that of sodium chloride. These other substances have a tendency to move into the body fluids in increased quantities under the influence of caffeine. VII. Summarizing all experiments in which we studied the absorption from the peritoneal cavity, we may state that changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood represent the principal factor in explaining the variations in the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. VIII. There exists no direct relation between an increase in the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity and an increase in the amount of urine secreted. If it should be found that even at a period following the injection of caffeine, later than that at which we have studied the absorption, a rise of the osmotic pressure of the blood does not appear, then we may state that the diminution in the amount of edema in the body cavities resulting from the administration of caffeine is entirely due to an inhibition of the production of edema and not to an increased absorption of fluid from the serous body cavities.

Studies on Salt and Water Balance in Caddis Larvae (Trichoptera)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Free Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Limnephilus affinis larvae tolerate external salt concentrations up to at least 410 mM./l. NaCl (about 75% sea water) and survive for short periods in 470 mM./l. NaCl (about 85/ sea water). 2. The body wall is highly permeable to water, but relatively impermeable to sodium and chloride. Most of the sodium and chloride uptake from salt water occurs via the mouth. 3. The sodium and chloride levels in the haemolymph are powerfully regulated. Both are maintained strongly hypotonic against large external concentration gradients. 4. The Malpighian tubule-rectal system is very sensitive to changes in the haemolymph chloride level. The chloride concentration in the rectal fluid can be at least three times greater than the concentration in the haemolymph, and slightly greater than the concentration in the external medium. 5. The rectal fluid is hyper-osmotic to the haemolymph and to the medium at high external salt concentrations. 6. At external concentrations greater than about 200 mM./l. NaCl, water balance is maintained by regulating the haemolymph roughly iso-osmotic with the medium. This is partly achieved by increasing the non-electrolyte fraction in the haemolymph. A small quantity of osmotically free water is available to replace any osmotic loss. This can be obtained by drinking salt water and producing a concentrated solution of salts in the rectum.

The Adaptation of Gunda Ulvae to Salinity

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
C. F. A. PANTIN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Limiting Value

1. The rate of loss of salts by the estuarine worm, Gunda ulvae, on transference from sea water to various dilute solutions has been studied by measurement of the electric conductivity of the solutions. 2. Salts are lost by the worms from the moment of immersion in dilute solutions. Conditions affecting the rate of loss of salts are discussed. 3. The relation between the amount of salts lost and the total electrolyte content of the worm was determined. It is shown that the worms only lose 25 per cent. of their salts during the time that they imbibe a volume of water from the dilute solution equal to their initial volume. 4. The limiting internal salt concentration of worms surviving in waters containing calcium is about 6-10 per cent. of the normal concentration in sea water. No such limiting value can be found for distilled water, since salts are lost continuously till cytolysis occurs. The significance of the limiting concentration is discussed. 5. The effect of osmotic pressure, pH, dilute solutions of NaCl, NaHCO3, glycerol, CaCl2 and CaCO3 are studied. The presence of calcium reduces the rate of loss of salts. Other factors do not seem to influence this rate. 6. The relation of calcium to the maintenance of normal permeability to water and salts in the worm, and the significance of this to the problem of migration into fresh water are discussed.

Distribution of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride in the Ophiuroid, Ophiocomina Nigra (Abildgaard)

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Pagett
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Echinoderms are not generally considered to experience significant dilution of the surrounding medium in their usual marine habitats and so it is to be expected that, due to the absence of any obvious excretory organ, the ionic composition of the body fluid would be similar to that of the ambient sea water. In general this has been confirmed by previous workers for many species of echinoderm. Binyon (1966) lists the results of workers who have determined osmotic pressure and/or ionic concentrations in the perivisceral and/or ambulacral fluids of many echinoderms. With reference to the perivisceral fluid in asteroids there is usually a small excess of potassium (9–16%) which is maintained in the more euryhaline species and in those acclimatized to reduced salinity. Generally, the chloride content is similar to, or a little higher than, that in the surrounding sea water. In echinoids there is little difference in the potassium content and chloride concentrations with respect to sea water though there may be a small increase in the former ion. In the holothurians, there is little regulation of potassium ions. Such concentrations which have been determined for the chloride ion in this group are found to be a little higher than in sea water. The sodium concentration in the perivisceral fluids of echinoderms tends to be similar to, or slightly lower than, that in the surrounding sea water. However in the ambulacral fluids of the water vascular system it has been shown that the potassium concentration is 20–90% higher in some species of asteroids and echinoids (Robertson, 1949; Binyon, 1962,1966). The fluids of the water vascular system of echinoderms, analysed to date, have concentrations of sodium ions lower than in the ambient sea water. From the available evidence, there appears to be little difference between environmental and ambulacral chloride concentrations.

scholarly journals Fragmentation in the Genus Autolytus and in other Syllids

1927 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Ordinary Mode ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Anterior Segments

In a former paper (Allen, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B., Vol. 211, p. 131, 1921) it was shown that the Syllid Procerastea Halleziana Malaquin, addition to the ordinary mode of sexual reproduction which occurs in this group, reproduced asexually by a process of fragmentation, followed by the regeneration by each fragment of a new head and series of anterior segments and of a new pygidium and posterior segments. The fragments usually consisted of sections of two, three, or four segments each, in the region of the body behind the seventh setigerous segment. It was further shown that this breaking up of Procerastea, which could be produced artificially at any time by treating the worms with sea-water of low salinity, made by adding distilled water to natural sea-water, took place according to a definite law. The first section consisted normally of the head and setigerous segments 1 to 7, then followed three sections of two segments each (Segments 8 and 9; 10 and 11; 12 and 13), then three sections of three segments (14–16; 17–19; 20–22), followed by four or five sections of four segments each, and then a number of sections of three segments.

Studies on the Physiology of Ascaris Lumbricoides

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
A. D. HOBSON ◽  
W. STEPHENSON ◽  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saline Medium

1. The total osmotic pressure, electrical conductivity and chloride concentration of the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides and of the intestinal contents of the pig have been measured. 2. The results obtained agree with the observations of previous workers that Ascaris normally lives in a hypertonic medium and that it swells or shrinks in saline media which are too dilute or too concentrated. 3. Experiments comparing the behaviour of normal and ligatured animals show that both the body wall and the wall of the alimentary canal are surfaces through which water can pass. 4. 30% sea water has been used as a balanced saline medium for keeping the worms alive in the laboratory. This concentration was selected as being the one in which there was least change in the body weight of the animals exposed to it. 5. The osmotic pressure of the body fluid of worms kept in 30% sea water is approximately the same as in animals taken directly from the pig's intestine. The body fluid of fresh worms is hypertonic to 30% sea water and hypotonic to the intestinal fluid. In 30% sea water the normal osmotic gradient across the body wall is therefore reversed. 6. In 30% sea water the total ionic concentration (as measured by the conductivity) decreases slightly, but the chloride concentration increases by about 50%, although still remaining much below that of the external medium. 7. Experiments in which the animals were allowed to come into equilibrium with various concentrations of sea water from 20 to 40% show that there are corresponding changes in the osmotic pressure of the body fluid which is, however, always slightly above that of the saline medium. The conductivity also changes in a similar manner but is always less than that of the medium, and the difference between the two becomes progressively greater the more concentrated the medium. 8. The chloride concentration of the body fluid varies with but is always below that of the external medium, whether this is intestinal fluid or one of the saline media. In the latter the difference between the internal and external chloride concentrations is least in 20% sea water and becomes progressively greater as the concentration of the medium is increased. 9. Experiments with ligatured worms and with eviscerated cylinders of the body wall show that these share the capacity of the normal worm to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the environment. This power is not possessed by cylinders composed of the cuticle alone. 10. If the worms which have had their internal chloride concentration raised by exposure to 30% sea water are transferred to a medium composed of equal volumes of 30% sea water and isotonic sodium nitrate solution, the chloride concentration of the body fluid is reduced to a value below that of the external medium. This phenomenon is also displayed by worms ligatured after removal from the 30% sea water and, to an even more marked degree, by eviscerated cylinders of the body wall. 11. It is concluded that Ascaris is able to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the external medium by an process of chloride excretion against a concentration gradient, and that this mechanism is resident in the body wall, the cuticle being freely permeable to chloride.

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