Distribution of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride in the Ophiuroid, Ophiocomina Nigra (Abildgaard)

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Pagett
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Echinoderms are not generally considered to experience significant dilution of the surrounding medium in their usual marine habitats and so it is to be expected that, due to the absence of any obvious excretory organ, the ionic composition of the body fluid would be similar to that of the ambient sea water. In general this has been confirmed by previous workers for many species of echinoderm. Binyon (1966) lists the results of workers who have determined osmotic pressure and/or ionic concentrations in the perivisceral and/or ambulacral fluids of many echinoderms. With reference to the perivisceral fluid in asteroids there is usually a small excess of potassium (9–16%) which is maintained in the more euryhaline species and in those acclimatized to reduced salinity. Generally, the chloride content is similar to, or a little higher than, that in the surrounding sea water. In echinoids there is little difference in the potassium content and chloride concentrations with respect to sea water though there may be a small increase in the former ion. In the holothurians, there is little regulation of potassium ions. Such concentrations which have been determined for the chloride ion in this group are found to be a little higher than in sea water. The sodium concentration in the perivisceral fluids of echinoderms tends to be similar to, or slightly lower than, that in the surrounding sea water. However in the ambulacral fluids of the water vascular system it has been shown that the potassium concentration is 20–90% higher in some species of asteroids and echinoids (Robertson, 1949; Binyon, 1962,1966). The fluids of the water vascular system of echinoderms, analysed to date, have concentrations of sodium ions lower than in the ambient sea water. From the available evidence, there appears to be little difference between environmental and ambulacral chloride concentrations.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

Osmoregulation in the Larva of the Marine Caddis Fly, Philanisus Plebeius (Walk.) (Trichoptera)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-838
Author(s):  
JOHN P. LEADER
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Caddis Fly

1. The larva of Philanisus plebeius is capable of surviving for at least 10 days in external salt concentrations from 90 mM/l sodium chloride (about 15 % sea water) to 900 mM/l sodium chloride (about 150 % sea water). 2. Over this range the osmotic pressure and the sodium and chloride ion concentrations of the haemolymph are strongly regulated. The osmotic pressure of the midgut fluid and rectal fluid is also strongly regulated. 3. The body surface of the larva is highly permeable to water and sodium ions. 4. In sea water the larva is exposed to a large osmotic flow of water outwards across the body surface. This loss is replaced by drinking the medium. 5. The rectal fluid of larvae in sea water, although hyperosmotic to the haemolymph, is hypo-osmotic to the medium, making it necessary to postulate an extra-renal site of salt excretion. 6. Measurements of electrical potential difference across the body wall of the larva suggest that in sea water this tissue actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the body.

scholarly journals TOTAL WATER AND CHLORIDE CONTENT OF DEHYDRATED RATS

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 867-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. H. Drake ◽  
C. F. McKhann ◽  
J. L. Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pyloric Obstruction ◽  
Body Tissues

The circumstances present in upper intestinal obstruction which may be expected to reduce the water content of the body are fasting with water deprivation and a continued loss of secretions into the stomach. According to the data obtained from the above described experiments with rats, loss of body water during the first third of the survival period following pyloric obstruction is more than half accounted for by fasting with water deprivation. This body water is accompanied by a parallel loss of solids and may be regarded as a waste product of the consumption of body fat, glycogen, and protoplasm. Its loss does not disturb the per cent water content of the body tissues. The water lost into the stomach is responsible for an actual excess of water reduction over consumption of solids. Except in the case of the skin and blood, this excess loss of water is extremely small and produces a reduction of the per cent water content of tissues which is so slight as to permit the surmise that the water loss here derives entirely from the interstitial fluid of the tissues and that no dehydration of tissue cells occurs. The data are, however, not directly informative on this point. The total loss of body water during 12 hours following pyloric obstruction was found to be 12.6 per cent of the water content of a control animal. More than one-quarter (28.3 per cent) of the total body content of chloride ion was found to be lost and was entirely accounted for by the amount of chloride found in the gastric contents. Nearly half of the chloride loss derives from the skin. Data are presented which demonstrate that lower intestinal obstruction causes slight, if any, depletion of the water content of the body.

scholarly journals ELECTROLYTE BALANCE STUDIES IN ADRENALECTOMIZED DOGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EXCRETION OF SODIUM

1933 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Loeb ◽  
Dana W. Atchley ◽  
Ethel M. Benedict ◽  
Jessica Leland
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sodium Metabolism

1. Balance studies have been made on three dogs before and after adrenalectomy, performed in two stages. 2. It has been shown that the sodium concentration of the blood decreases in adrenalectomized dogs, as is true in patients suffering from Addison's disease and in cats experimentally adrenalectomized. 3. There are also decreases in the chloride and bicarbonate concentrations which together are approximately equivalent to the decrease in sodium. 4. An increase in the potassium concentration of the blood occurs after adrenalectomy, as reported in other studies. There is no obvious correlation of this change with changes in potassium balances. 5. The balance studies show a striking loss of sodium from the body during the development of adrenal insufficiency. This loss of Na results from an increased excretion of sodium in the urine and is not complicated by loss of base as a result of vomiting or diarrhea. 6. Following adrenalectomy, both the total amount of sodium and its concentration in the urine are markedly increased. This increase in concentration of sodium occurs in spite of an augmented urine volume. 7. The behavior of the chloride ion following adrenalectomy parallels that of the sodium ion, but the loss is not equivalent. 8. During the period of accumulation of non-protein nitrogen in the blood, the rate of water excretion by the kidney is even greater than before removal of the adrenal glands. 9. The possibility of a regulatory effect of the adrenal glands upon sodium metabolism and renal function has been discussed.

scholarly journals Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

1. A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. 2. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. 3. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80-113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. 4. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M.finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.2 to 1.3 over the salinity range 100-20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.08 at 100% sea water to 1.87 in 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 5. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. 6. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0.5 mM/l NaCl. In M.finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38-44% body H2O at salinities of 20-100% sea water. 7. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.

scholarly journals Ionic Regulation in Some Marine Invertebrates

1949 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
JAMES D. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Decapod Crustacea

1. Analyses have been made of the ionic composition of the body fluids of some twenty marine invertebrates belonging to five phyla. The body fluids were again analysed after dialysis in collodion sacs against samples of the original sea water in which the animals had been kept. Comparison of the two analyses in terms of weight of water gives a true measure of ionic regulation by taking into account such factors as the Donnan equilibrium and the formation of calcium-protein complexes in those animals with significant concentrations of protein in their blood. 2. Some ionic regulation is found in all the animals examined, but it is most pronounced in the cephalopod Mollusca and the decapod Crustacea. 3. The mesogloeal tissue fluid of the jelly-fish Aurelia showed the following composition (expressed as percentage of concentration in the dialysed fluid): Na 99%, K 106%, Ca 96%, Mg 97%, Cl 104%, SO4 47%. This regulation seems to be brought about by elimination of sulphate and accumulation of potassium by the epithelia bounding the mesogloea, with resultant alteration in the remaining ions in conformity with osmotic equilibrium between the jelly and sea water. 4. In the echinoderms studied only potassium is regulated, values in the perivisceral fluid not exceeding 111% being found, with higher values in the ambulacral fluid. Polychaetes regulated potassium (up to 126%) and sometimes reduced sulphate (92%). 5. Regulation extends to all ions in the decapod Crustacea. In six species the range was Na 104-113%, K 77-128%, Ca 108-131%, Mg 14-97% Cl 98-104%, SO4 32-99%. There is a series Lithodes, Cancer, Carcinus, Palinurtis, Nephrops and Homarus in which magnesium falls from 97 to 14%; the series is roughly in accordance with increase of activity. Analyses given of the secretion from the antennary glands emphasize the importance of these organs in controlling the composition of the blood. They eliminate magnesium, sulphate, and sometimes calcium, and conserve the other ions. 6. Lamellibranchs and gastropods accumulate potassium and calcium, and eliminate sulphate to a small degree. Range of values in six species was Na 97-101%, K 107-155%, Ca 103-112%, Mg 97-103%, Cl 99-101%, SO4 87-102%. 7. Considerable ionic regulation exists in the Cephalopoda, ranges being Na 95-98%, K 152-219%, Ca 94-107%, Mg 102-103%, Cl 101-104%, SO4 29-81%. In Eledone and Sepia differential excretion by renal organs is an important factor in this. Sulphate and sodium are eliminated in quantities greater than would be present in an ultrafiltrate of the plasma, tending to lower these values, whereas the other ions are excreted in proportions below those of an ultrafiltrate, tending to elevate their concentrations in the blood. 8. The ratio of equivalents Na+K/Ca+Mg in the body fluids of these marine invertebrates remains at the sea-water figure of 3.8 in Aurelia, echinoderms, anneli worms, and lamellibranchs, but decreases in the gastropods and cephalopods to 3.5. In the decapod Crustacea, owing principally to reduction of magnesium, it increases from 3.8 in Lithodes to 9 and 12 in the Palinura and Astacura genera.

Sodium Influx and Loss in Freshwater and Brackish-Water Populations of the Amphipod Gammarus Duebeni Lilljeborg

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-268
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Population ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

1. Sodium influx was examined in Gammarus duebeni from freshwater habitats on the Kintyre and Stranraer peninsulas in western Britain, and from a brackish-water habitat in Ireland. The affinity for sodium ions in the uptake mechanism at the body surface was similar in animals from the three localities. 2. Compared with the parent population from Kintyre, an experimental population established for 2 years in water with a lower sodium concentration showed an increased affinity for sodium. 3. Sodium losses in the urine of animals from the above localities were negligible at external salinities below about 2% sea water. In contrast, urinary sodium losses in animals from a brackish-water population in Britain were higher at salinities ranging from 40% sea water to well below 2% sea water. 4. The affinity for sodium ions in uptake mechanisms at the body surface and in the antennary glands of G. duebeni from a wide range of habitats shows a market correlation with the sodium concentration of the habitat. The permeability of the body surface to outward movement of sodium is similar in G. duebeni from brackishwater and freshwater habitats. 5. It is suggested that most of the observed physiological differences between populations of G. duebeni are phenotypic in origin. The status of the freshwater ‘race’ in Ireland is briefly discussed.

The Regulation of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride in an Aphid Subjected to Ionic Stress

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-350
Author(s):  
N. DOWNING
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sodium Level ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Ionic Stress ◽  
Water Plants

The aphid Myzus persicae has been cultured on the sea aster, Aster tripolium, which was grown in fresh water or sea water nutrient medium. Samples of sieve tube sap, obtained through the severed stylets of feeding aphids, haemolymph, and honeydew were analysed for sodium, potassium and chloride content. On fresh water plants the blood sodium level of the aphids was found to be exceptionally low. At 0·2 mmol 1−1 it is the lowest recorded sodium concentration in the blood of any animal. The result is discussed in relation to the functioning of the insect's nervous system. Under the sea water condition all three ions are maintained in the blood at levels below those found in the imbibed or excreted fluid.

Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-344
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Balance ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
External Potassium ◽  
Total Body

1. Gammarus duebeni from brackish water was acclimatized to salinities ranging from 100% sea water down to 0.25 mM/1 NaCl at 9 °C. 2. The body water content increased from 76 to 81% body wet weight. The ratio of total body sodium/chloride increased from 1.04 to 1.52. The sodium space remained constant, equivalent to about 65 % body H2O. The chloride space decreased from about 60% body H2O down to 35% body H2O. 3. Total body potassium remained almost constant and showed only a small decrease in dilute NaCl-media. Potassium balance was maintained for several days at an external potassium concentration of 0.010-0.015 mM/1. 4. The proportion of body water in the extracellular blood space was calculated from the assumption that potassium and chloride ions were distributed in a Donnan equilibrium between the blood and intracellular spaces. The blood space was slightly smaller than the chloride space. 5. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were calculated. Sodium fell from 120 to 75 mM/kg cell H2O, potassium fell from 125 to 75 mM/kg cell H2O and chloride fell from 55 to 12 mM/kg cell H2O. These concentrations are similar to the concentrations found in the muscles of decapods and in the tissues of other animals. 6. About 10% of the body chloride and 93-97% of the body potassium is situated in the cells. The proportion of intracellular sodium increased from 17-18% body sodium at 100% sea water to 40-50% body sodium at 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 7. G. duebeni from three freshwater populations were acclimatized to 2 % sea water, 0.5 and 0.25 mM/l NaCl. The body surface is three times more permeable to potassium than it is to sodium and chloride. Potassium balance in starved animals was achieved at 0.010-0.015 mM/l K. Fed animals had a higher body sodium and chloride content than starved animals. 8. The regulation of body water and ions in animals from the freshwater populations was essentially the same as in animals from brackish-water populations. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the process of adaptation to fresh water.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Haemolymph in the Saline Water Mosquito Larva Aedes Detritus Edw

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Aedes Detritus ◽  
Salt Exchange ◽  
Water Species

1. The larvae of the mosquito Aedes detritus have been reported only from definitely saline waters. They have been found in water of salinity equivalent to c 10 % NaCl. 2. In the laboratory they were acclimatized with ease to distilled water, sea water (7 % Nacl), 3.5 % NaCl, and glycerol (3.5 % NaCl). They also show considerable resistance to N/20 NaOH, but less to N/20 KOH and N/50 HCl. They are unable to live permanently in solutions of the chlorides of potassium, calcium and magnesium of osmotic pressure equivalent to 3.5 % NaCl. 3. In sea water of varying salinity they can regulate both the total osmotic pressure and chloride content of the haemolymph. A rise from nil to 6.0 % NaCl in the osmotic pressure of the medium is reflected in an increase of from c. 0.8 % to 1.4 % NaCl in that of the haemolymph. 4. In hypotonic solutions and distilled water much chloride is lost, but this is compensated by an increase in the non-chloride fraction. In hypertonic sea water the rise in osmotic pressure is due to increase in the chloride fraction, the non-chloride fraction remaining constant. 5. From this and from experiments with non-electrolytes it is concluded that the larva is permeable to salts and to molecules as large as glycerol, and that the regulatory mechanism in hypertonic saline is concerned with compensation rather for penetration of salts than for loss of water by osmosis. 6. Ligature experiments suggest that this mechanism is the excretion of salt by the Malpighian tubes, but further proof is required. 7. Salt exchange with the environment takes place via the gut, the body surface being impermeable to salts and water. 8. The larvae are able to concentrate chloride from hypotonic solutions but not as effectively as fresh-water species and only when the chloride content of the medium is a little below that of the haemolymph. 9. The anal gills, as in all salt-water species, are very small and appear to be impermeable to salts and water. It is therefore concluded that they are not the seat of the chloride-absorbing mechanism. 10. The osmotic pressure of the haemolymph is trebled by treatment with glycerol (3.5 % NaCl), which must be mainly the result of penetration of glycerol. The larva will however live normally in this, and an important factor in the resistance to abnormal media is therefore the adaptability of the tissues to changes in the concentration and composition of the haemolymph. 11. The increase in the osmotic pressure of the haemolymph induced by hypertonic sea water and glycerol does not alter the amount of fluid in the tracheoles. This is discussed in relation to the possible mechanism for the absorption of the tracheole fluid.

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