Rapid cold-hardening of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophiladae) during ecologically based thermoperiodic cycles

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (9) ◽  
pp. 1659-1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Kelty ◽  
R.E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Stress Protein ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rapid Cold Hardening ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Acclimatory Response ◽  
Cooling Phase

In contrast to most studies of rapid cold-hardening, in which abrupt transfers to low temperatures are used to induce an acclimatory response, the primary objectives of this study were to determine (i) whether rapid cold-hardening was induced during the cooling phase of an ecologically based thermoperiod, (ii) whether the protection afforded was lost during warming or contributed to increased cold-tolerance during subsequent cycles and (iii) whether the major thermally inducible stress protein (Hsp70) or carbohydrate cryoprotectants contributed to the protection afforded by rapid cold-hardening. During the cooling phase of a single ecologically based thermoperiod, the tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster to 1 h at −7 degrees C increased from 5 +/− 5% survival to 62.5 +/− 7.3% (means +/− S.E.M., N=40-60), while their critical thermal minima (CTmin) decreased by 1.9 degrees C. Cold hardiness increased with the number of thermoperiods to which flies were exposed; i.e. flies exposed to six thermoperiods were more cold-tolerant than those exposed to two. Endogenous levels of Hsp70 and carbohydrate cryoprotectants were unchanged in rapidly cold-hardened adults compared with controls held at a constant 23 degrees C. In nature, rapid cold-hardening probably affords subtle benefits during short-term cooling, such as allowing D. melanogaster to remain active at lower temperatures than they otherwise could.

A rapid cold-hardening response protecting against cold shock injury in Drosophila melanogaster

1990 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Czajka ◽  
R. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Spontaneous Nucleation ◽  
Rapid Cold Hardening ◽  
Insect Cold Hardiness

In studies of insect cold-hardiness, the supercooling point (SCP) is defined as the temperature at which spontaneous nucleation of body fluids occurs. Despite having an SCP of −20 degrees C, adults of Drosophila melanogaster did not survive exposure to −5 degrees C, which suggests that cold shock causes lethal injury that is not associated with freezing. If, however, flies were chilled at 5 degrees C, for as little as 30 min, approximately 50% of the flies survived exposure to −5 degrees C for 2h. This capacity to cold-harden rapidly was greatest in 3- and 5-day-old adults. The rapid cold-hardening response was also observed in larvae and pupae: no larvae survived 2 h of exposure to −5 degrees C, whereas 63% pupariated if chilled at 5 degrees C before subzero exposure. Similarly, although exposure of pupae to −8 degrees C was lethal, if pre-chilled at 5 degrees C 22% eclosed. This extremely rapid cold-hardening response may function to allow insects to enhance cold-tolerance in response to diurnal or unexpected seasonal decreases in environmental temperature.

Metabolomic profiling of rapid cold hardening and cold shock in Drosophila melanogaster

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1218-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Overgaard ◽  
Anders Malmendal ◽  
Jesper G. Sørensen ◽  
Jacob G. Bundy ◽  
Volker Loeschcke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling ◽  
Rapid Cold Hardening

scholarly journals Constraints, independence, and evolution of thermal plasticity: Probing genetic architecture of long- and short-term thermal acclimation

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (14) ◽  
pp. 4399-4404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison R. Gerken ◽  
Olivia C. Eller ◽  
Daniel A. Hahn ◽  
Theodore J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Thermal Plasticity ◽  
Rapid Cold Hardening ◽  
Basal Thermotolerance

Seasonal and daily thermal variation can limit species distributions because of physiological tolerances. Low temperatures are particularly challenging for ectotherms, which use both basal thermotolerance and acclimation, an adaptive plastic response, to mitigate thermal stress. Both basal thermotolerance and acclimation are thought to be important for local adaptation and persistence in the face of climate change. However, the evolutionary independence of basal and plastic tolerances remains unclear. Acclimation can occur over longer (seasonal) or shorter (hours to days) time scales, and the degree of mechanistic overlap is unresolved. Using a midlatitude population ofDrosophila melanogaster, we show substantial heritable variation in both short- and long-term acclimation. Rapid cold hardening (short-term plasticity) and developmental acclimation (long-term plasticity) are positively correlated, suggesting shared mechanisms. However, there are independent components of these traits, because developmentally acclimated flies respond positively to short-term acclimation. A strong negative correlation between basal cold tolerance and developmental acclimation suggests that basal cold tolerance may constrain developmental acclimation, whereas a weaker negative correlation between basal cold tolerance and short-term acclimation suggests less constraint. Using genome-wide association mapping, we show the genetic architecture of rapid cold hardening and developmental acclimation responses are nonoverlapping at the SNP and corresponding gene level. However, genes associated with each trait share functional similarities, including genes involved in apoptosis and autophagy, cytoskeletal and membrane structural components, and ion binding and transport. These results indicate substantial opportunity for short-term and long-term acclimation responses to evolve separately from each other and for short-term acclimation to evolve separately from basal thermotolerance.

scholarly journals Differential Response of Leafminer Flies Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) to Rapid Cold Hardening

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Junaid Iqbal ◽  
Xiao-Xiang Zhang ◽  
Ya-Wen Chang ◽  
Yu-Zhou Du
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Liriomyza Sativae ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Rapid Cold Hardening ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons

Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a rapid and critical adaption of insects to sudden temperature changes but is often overlooked or underestimated as a component of survival. Thus, interspecific comparisons of RCH are needed to predict how phenotypes will adapt to temperature variability. RCH not only enhances cold survival but also protects against non-lethal cold injury by preserving essential functions such as locomotion, reproduction, and energy balance. This study investigated the difference in basal cold tolerance and RCH capacity of L. trifolii and L. sativae. In both species, the cold tolerance of pupae was significantly enhanced after short-term exposure to moderately cold temperatures. The effect of RCH last for 4 h in L. sativae but only 2 h in L. trifolii. Interestingly, L. trifolii adults had a RCH response but L. sativae adults failed to acclimate. Short-term acclimation also lowered the supercooling point significantly in the pupae of both species. Based on these results, we propose a hypothesis that these differences will eventually affect their competition in the context of climate change. This study also provides the basis for future metabolomic and transcriptomic studies that may ultimately uncover the underlying mechanisms of RCH and interspecific competition between L. trifolii and L. sativae.

Rapid cold-hardening protects Drosophila melanogaster from cold-induced apoptosis

APOPTOSIS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1183-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Xia Yi ◽  
Clifford W. Moore ◽  
Richard E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Rapid Cold Hardening ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE ON COLD-HARDINESS OF HIBERNATING INSECTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Salt
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Blood Density ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

Moisture content affected cold-hardiness, measured as ability to supercool, only to the extent that it affected the concentration of body fluids and hence their freezing points. Supercooling remained approximately constant in amount over a wide range of moisture conditions. Only when desiccation was severe did it produce appreciable cold-hardening. Chilling at constant low temperatures was effective in increasing the cold-hardiness of Bracon cephi (Gahan), ineffective in Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and Cephus cinctus Nort., and of doubtful effect in Loxostege sticticalis (L.). The variable temperatures of the natural environment produced significant cold-hardening in all four species; occasional periods of developmental temperatures are considered more likely to be responsible than chilling. Blood density appeared to be related to cold-hardiness, but its ready response to other factors obscured the relationship.

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