The Activity of Lateral-Line Efferent Neurones in Stationary and Swimming Dogfish

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. ROBERTS ◽  
I. J. RUSSELL
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Efferent System ◽  
Natural Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The activity of efferent neurones innervating lateral-line organs on the body of dogfish was followed by recording from filaments of cranial nerve X in 41 decerebrate preparations. 2. The efferent nerves were not spontaneously active. 3. Tactile stimulation to the head and body, vestibular stimulation and noxious chemical stimulation were followed by activity of the efferent nerves. 4. In contrast, natural stimulation of lateral-line organs (water jets) did not reflexly evoke discharges from the efferent fibres. 5. Reflex efferent responses were still obtained to mechanical stimulation even after the lateral-line organs had been denervated. 6. Electrical stimulation of cranial nerves innervating lateral-lines organs was followed by reflex activity of the efferent fibres. But similar stimuli applied to other cranial nerves were equally effective in exciting the efferent system. 7. Vigorous movements of the fish, involving the white musculature, were preceded and accompanied by activity of the efferent fibres which persisted as long as the white muscle fibres were contracting. 8. Rhythmical swimming movements were accompanied by a few impulses in the efferent fibres grouped in bursts at the same frequency as the swimming movements. 9. It is concluded that the efferent neurones cannot contribute to a feedback regulatory system because they are not excited by natural stimulation of the lateral-line sense organs. The close correlation found between efferent activity and body movement suggests that the efferent system might operate in a protective manner to prevent the sense organs from being over-stimulated when the fish makes vigorous movements.

scholarly journals VI. —Anaphylaxis and anaphylatoxins

1923 ◽  
Vol 211 (382-390) ◽  
pp. 273-315 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Fundamental Conception ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the study of the phenomena of anaphylaxis there are certain points on which some measure of agreement seems to have been attained. In the case of anaphylaxis to soluble proteins, with which alone we are directly concerned in this paper, the majority of investigators probably accept the view that the condition is due to the formation of an antibody of the precipitin type. Concerning the method, however, by which the presence of this antibody causes the specific sensitiveness, the means by which its interaction with the antibody produces the anaphylactic shock, there is a wide divergence of conception. Two main currents of speculation can be discerned. One view, historically rather the earlier, and first put forward by Besredka (1) attributes the anaphylactic condition to the location of the antibody in the body cells. There is not complete unanimity among adherents of this view as to the nature of the antibody concerned, or as to the class of cells containing it which are primarily affected in the anaphylactic shock. Besredka (2) himself has apparently not accepted the identification of the anaphylactic antibody with a precipitin, but regards it as belonging to a special class (sensibilisine). He also regards the cells of the central nervous system as those primarily involved in the anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig. Others, including one of us (3), have found no adequate reason for rejecting the strong evidence in favour of the precipitin nature of the anaphylactic antibody, produced by Doerr and Russ (4), Weil (5), and others, and have accepted and confirmed the description of the rapid anaphylactic death in the guinea-pig as due to a direct stimulation of the plain-muscle fibres surrounding the bronchioles, causing valve-like obstruction of the lumen, and leading to asphyxia, with the characteristic fixed distension of the lungs, as first described by Auer and Lewis (6), and almost simultaneously by Biedl and Kraus (7). But the fundamental conception of anaphylaxis as due to cellular location of an antibody, and of the reaction as due to the union of antigen and antibody taking place in the protoplasm, is common to a number of workers who thus differ on details.

Memoirs: The Neuro-Muscular Mechanism of the Gill of Pecten

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 365-392
Author(s):  
S. B. SETNA
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
Branchial Nerve ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experimental. 1. The contraction of the adductor-muscle which follows stimulation of the palial nerve is preceded by a marked contraction of the ctenidial axis, so that the gill contracts before the adductor-muscle becomes active. This movement of the ctenidium is abolished if the main branchial nerve is cut near its origin. 2. The gills of Pecten possess a neuromuscular mechanism which is to some extent independent of the rest of the body, so that excised gills when stimulated react in the same way as an attached gill. 3. The lamellae of the gill possess two distinct types of movement. (a) When the surface of the gill is stimulated by contact with a glass rod or by carmine particles, the frontal surfaces of the two lamellae approach each other; the movement very often being executed by the lamella which is not actually being stimulated. The lateral extent of these movements (concertina movements) is roughly proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. Such movements normally appear to transfer the bulk of the material on to the mantle. Separation of the main branchial nerve abolishes these movements. (b) Each principal filament is capable of moving the ordinary filaments to which it is attached. This movement (flapping movement) is due to the movements of the interfilamentar junctions which alternatively move up and down at right angles to their length. This motion is independent of the branchial nerve and can be produced by direct stimulation of very tiny pieces of the individual filaments. 4. The significance of gill movements to feeding habits is discussed. The course of food particles depends on the nature of the stimuli affecting the gill. Histological. 5. The ctenidial axis and the principal filaments have a stratum of anastomosing nerve-cells which appear to form a true nerve-net comparable to that of the mantle. 6. The gill receives nerve-fibres from two sources, the brain and the visceral ganglion. The subsidiary branchial nerve is a structure hitherto unknown in the molluscan gill; so far its function is unknown. Each gill has four main longitudinal nerve-trunks. 7. The osphradium of the gill has a much more extensive distribution than has hitherto been supposed. 8. Two sets of muscles exist at the base of the gill-filaments, and these are responsible for movements of the lamellae. The muscle-fibres are non-striated. 9. The principal filaments are connected to the ordinary filaments by processes containing true muscle-cells, and by these cells movements of the filaments are effected.

scholarly journals The function of the ampullae of Lorenzini, with some observations on the effect of temperature on sensory rhythms

1938 ◽  
Vol 125 (841) ◽  
pp. 524-553 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Line System ◽  
Ampullae Of Lorenzini ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of

The recognition of the morphological and developmental relationship of the vertebrate auditory organ and the lateral-line system of fishes and aquatic Amphibia rests on the foundation of a large volume of com­ parative researches. The main outlines of this generalization were already laid down forty years ago, and Cole’s work on the cranial nerves and lateral sense organs of fishes (1898) contains a comprehensive treatment of the history of the subject. The acustico-lateral or neuromast system embraces, in addition to the labyrinth and the lateral-line canals, the pit organs found to a greater or less extent in most fishes, the vesicles of Torpedo , and the ampullary canal system of Selachians and Holocephali. Concerning these Cole wrote: “The history of our knowledge of the phylogeny of the sensory canals is coincident with three discoveries—the discovery that the‘mucus’ canals contain sense organs, the discovery of Savi’s vesicles, and the dis­covery of the ampullae of Lorenzini.... We now know that all three types belong to the lateral line system, and I shall suggest that they represent three stages in the development of a canal—the most superficial condition, represented by the pit organs and Savi’s vesicles; the full development, represented by the canal; and the intermediate type, forming neither a Savi vesicle nor yet a canal, represented by the ampullae of Lorenzini” (p. 187). This conception has remained valid to the present day. The ampullae of Lorenzini, with which I am here principally concerned, are briefly described in current text-books as transitional or specialized neuromasts, and the implication always is that structurally and functionally they do not differ significantly from the neuromasts of the lateral-line canals. For example, in their recent exhaustive treatise on the vertebrate nervous system Kappers, Huber and Crosby (1936) state with reference to the lateral-line canals, the Savi vesicles and the ampullae of Lorenzini: “thus in the various animals there is a transition between an open and a closed system for perceiving vibrations" (p. 438).

scholarly journals The mechanism of the lateral sense organs of fishes

1937 ◽  
Vol 123 (833) ◽  
pp. 472-495 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Line System ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Low Frequency Vibration ◽  
Functional Features

For a long time after their discovery in the seventeenth century the lateral-line canals of fishes were considered to be mucus-secreting organs. In 1850 Leydig described sense organs in the lateral-line canals, and this discovery stimulated a keen interest in the investigation of both the morphological and functional features of the lateral-line system. Morphological studies have yielded a thorough understanding of the structure of these organs (Ewart and Mitchell 1892; Cole 1896; Johnson 1917; von Woellwarth 1933). Physiological studies, though numerous, have been less fruitful. An account of the older work was given by Baglioni (1913), and the more recent work is reviewed by Dykgraaf (1933). The only technique until recently available has been the elimination of the sensory system by nerve section and cauterization, and the comparison of the behaviour of intact and operated fishes in response to various stimuli. With so diffuse a structure as the lateral-line system, receiving its nerve supply from the fifth, seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves, this method is particularly inadequate, and involves a violent mutilation of the animal. When one considers the crudity of many of these operations, it is not the uncertainty of the results which is remarkable, but rather that some of the conclusions reached should remain valid to-day in the light of far more penetrating experimental analysis. This method of organ elimination could yield at best only an indication of the kind of stimulus that is effective in evoking the excitation of lateral-line receptors. In current textbooks the conclusion of Parker (1904) that the effective stimulus for the lateral line is low-frequency vibration, and that of Hofer (1907) that it is movement of water (i. e. local currents) have received most notice. The observations of Dykgraaf (1933), who employed the more refined methods of von Frisch’s futterdressur technique, support Hofer’s conclusion, and to some extent also Parker’s. Dykgraaf considers the lateral-line system to be an organ of Ferntastsinn , and if this is taken to mean a mechanoreceptor of such sensitivity that it can function both as a touch organ and as a receptor for disturbances coming from a distance, it is undoubtedly a true description, for it is fully confirmed by the direct electrophysiological studies of Hoagland (1933 a, b, c and d ) and of Schriever (1935). The latter, apparently unacquainted with Hoagland’s work, did little more than to confirm several of his observations.

Inhibition of Spontaneous Lateral-Line Activity by Efferent Nerve Stimulation

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
I. J. RUSSELL ◽  
B. L. ROBERTS
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Afferent Activity ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Impulse Frequency ◽  
Efferent Nerve ◽  
Visible Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Efferent nerve fibres innervating the lateral-line sense organs of the dogfish Scyliorhinus were stimulated with trains of stimuli while spontaneous afferent activity was monitored. 2. Significant changes in spontaneous impulse frequency could be produced when the efferent nerves were stimulated by trains of pulses at frequencies between 20-100 sec-1 lower stimulus frequencies had no visible effect. The impulse frequency decreased or was totally inhibited during the stimulus period and for 150-200 msec following it. The inhibitory effect was very variable and declined with repetitive stimulation. 3. Stimulation of the efferent nerves to inactive afferent units was followed after 500 msec by a brief low-frequency discharge.

Phasic and tonic modulation of impulse rates in gamma-motoneurons during locomotion in premammillary cats

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Murphy ◽  
R. B. Stein ◽  
J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Root ◽  
The Body ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Nerve Branch ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Natural Stimulation ◽  
Triceps Surae Muscles ◽  
Stimulation Of

To determine the role of gamma-motoneurons in the control of locomotion, we isolated single units from nerves to triceps surae muscles in the premammillary cat. The limb used for recording was largely denervated, except for the muscles of interest, and fixed in place, while the other three limbs walked on a treadmill. One type of gamma-motoneuron (13 units) had a high impulse rate at rest, which changed little on average during walking, but was deeply modulated with each step (phasically modulated gamma-motoneuron or gamma p). Another type (19 units) had a low impulse rate at rest, which increased greatly on average during walking, but was not highly modulated with each step (tonically modulated gamma-motoneuron or gamma t). Peak gamma p rates generally occurred after peak EMG, often near the peak of tension. In contrast, peak gamma t activity generally preceded peak electromyograms (EMG). No significant difference was observed in conduction velocities for the two types of units. At rest all gamma t units were excited by natural stimulation of the fur over a large part of the body surface, whereas 3 of 11 gamma p units were inhibited. During locomotion the same natural stimuli had no observable effect on either type of unit. By recording in continuity from fine branches of the lateral and medial gastrocnemius nerves and stimulating ventral root filaments in continuity, we identified dynamic and static gamma-motoneurons in terms of their effects on muscle spindle afferents. After cutting the nerve branch distally and other ventral root filaments supplying the muscle, the resting discharge of dynamic and static gamma-motoneurons was recorded and found to correspond to that of the gamma p and gamma t units, respectively. Other evidence is presented for a correspondence between phasically and tonically modulated units and dynamic and static gamma-motoneurons, contrary to some suggestions in the literature.

The Ionic Composition of the Lateral-Line Canal Fluid of Dogfish

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Liddicoat ◽  
B. L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates ◽  
Definite Pattern

The sense organs of the lateral-line system of lower aquatic vertebrates are mechanoreceptors which respond to water movements. They are distributed over the body, usually in lines which form a definite pattern on the head and along each side of the trunk. In the Cyclostomes the sense organs project from the body surface ('free neuromasts'); in other aquatic vertebrates they are usually housed in canals which are sunk into the dermis and which open at regular intervals to the exterior, although in some teleosts and in all modern amphibia the canal system has been secondarily lost and the neuromasts are once again situated externally.

Microstimulation in the Region of the Human Thalamic Principal Somatic Sensory Nucleus Evokes Sensations Like Those of Mechanical Stimulation and Movement

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 736-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Ohara ◽  
Nirit Weiss ◽  
Fred A. Lenz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Muscle Afferents ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sensory Nucleus ◽  
Stimulation Of

We explored the region of human thalamic somatic sensory nucleus (ventral caudal, Vc), corresponding to monkey ventral posterior (VP), with threshold microstimulation (TMIS) during stereotactic procedures for the treatment of tremor. Of 122 sites in 116 patients (124 thalami) where mechanical (touch, pressure, and sharp) or movement [movement through the body (movement) and vibration] sensations were evoked, 72 sites were found in the core or in adjacent regions, posterior-inferior (33), inferior (4), and posterior to the core (13). Sites where TMIS evoked touch were less frequently found in the core than those where movement or pressure sensations were evoked. Pressure was more commonly ( P < 0.05) evoked than vibration at sites where cells had intraoral receptive fields (RFs). Touch and vibration were more commonly ( P < 0.05) evoked than pressure at sites where cells had facial RFs, consistent with the relative density of rapidly adapting (RA) receptors in the mouth and face. Sites described as deep and movement were found superior and anterior in the core, consistent with the location of cells responding to stimulation of muscle afferents. At 72 of 122 sites, TMIS evoked the same sensation at two or more sites in the same plane. Of these sites, 58 are adjacent to each other, in a cluster, consistent with studies of the localization of cells responding to different modalities. These results demonstrate that mechanical and movement sensations can be evoked by stimulation in the region of Vc. The characteristics of these sites suggest that the sensations are evoked by stimulation of pathways specific to cutaneous and deep mechanoreceptors.

Activity of Lateral-Line Sense Organs in Swimming Dogfish

1972 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
B. L. ROBERTS
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
The Body ◽  
Discharge Frequency ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Length Frequency ◽  
Impulse Frequency ◽  
Lateral Line Nerve ◽  
Burst Length ◽  
Direction Of Movement

1. The activity of lateral-line sense organs was studied in swimming spinal dogfish by recording from filaments of the lateral-line nerve dissected in an anterior immobile part of the fish, the rest of the fish being free to move. 2. In a non-swimming fish most of the receptors were spontaneously active, discharging at 15-20 impulses/sec. 3. When the part of the body overlying the receptor was flexed, the impulse frequency was either enhanced or depressed, depending on the direction of movement. 4. In swimming spinal dogfish the sense organs discharged in bursts at the same frequency as the swimming rhythm. 5. The lateral-line receptors could provide information which would be useful in locomotory co-ordination, for the burst length, frequency, discharge frequency and number of impulses in the rhythmical discharge could all be correlated with the swimming movements.

scholarly journals On the Dorsal Branches of the Cranial and Spinal Nerves of Elasmobranchs

1895 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Ewart ◽  
F. J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Line System ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Lateral Canal ◽  
Dorsal Branch ◽  
Pharyngeal Branch

The Glossopharyngeal.—The glossopharyngeal is usually looked upon as the most typical of the cranial nerves. In Amia, according to Allis, it consists of post- and præ-branchial branches, a visceral or pharyngeal branch, and a dorsal branch which takes part in innervating the lateral line system—supplying by a single twig one of the sense organs of the lateral canal, and in addition a row of pit organs.

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