Heat transfer between fish and ambient water

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Stevens ◽  
A. M. Sutterlin
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

1. The ability of fish gills to transfer heat was measured by applying a heat pulse to blood in the ventral aorta and measuring it before and after passing through the gills of a teleost, Hemitripterus americanus. 2. 80–90% of heat contained in the blood is lost during passage through the gills. 3. The fraction of heat not lost during passage through the gills is due to direct transfer of heat between the afferent and efferent artery within the gill bar. 4. The major fraction of metabolic heat (70 - 90%) is lost through the body wall and fins of the sea raven in sea water at 5 degrees C; the remainder is lost through the gills.

Cardiac and Respiratory Responses to Hypoxia in the Sea Raven, Hemitripterus americanus, and an Investigation of Possible Control Mechanisms

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Saunders ◽  
A. M. Sutterlin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wave Forms ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

Responses of the sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) to hypoxia consisted of an increase in rate and amplitude of breathing and an increase in dorsal and ventral aortic pressure. Changes in heart rate seldom occurred. Bilateral transection of cranial nerves IX and X resulted in a fall in dorsal aortic PO2 to a sustained low level but did not alter the dorsal and ventral aortic blood pressure or breathing responses induced by hypoxia.Pressure changes in the opercular cavity during breathing seldom exceeded.5 cm H2O and rarely exceeded 1 cm H2O under extreme hypoxia. There were no obvious differences in opercular pressure wave forms before and after bilateral section of nerves IX and X.An artificial "heart-gill" machine was devised with which blood PO2 could be altered outside the fish and the blood perfused into either the dorsal or ventral aorta. Breathing amplitude was increased by perfusing blood of low PO2 into the dorsal aorta. While maintaining dorsal aortic PO2 high and constant, increases in breathing amplitude were induced by low ambient PO2 levels.Vasomotor changes in blood pathways other than the gills probably contribute to the changes in blood pressure observed during hypoxia. Preliminary evidence for both central and peripheral sites of oxygen receptor activity is provided.

Excretion of thiosulphate, the main detoxification product of sulphide, by the lugworm arenicola marina L

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (7) ◽  
pp. 855-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hauschild ◽  
W.M. Weber ◽  
W. Clauss ◽  
M.K. Grieshaber
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Double Exponential ◽  
Electrophysiological Measurements ◽  
Double Exponential Function

Thiosulphate, the main sulphide detoxification product, is accumulated in the body fluids of the lugworm Arenicola marina. The aim of this study was to elucidate the fate of thiosulphate. Electrophysiological measurements revealed that the transepithelial resistance of body wall sections was 76+/−34 capomega cm2 (mean +/− s.d., N=14), indicating that the body wall of the lugworm is a leaky tissue in which mainly paracellular transport along cell junctions takes place. The body wall was equally permeable from both sides to thiosulphate, the permeability coefficient of which was 1. 31×10(−)3+/−0.37×10(−)3 cm h-1 (mean +/− s.d., N=30). No evidence was found for a significant contribution of the gills or the nephridia to thiosulphate permeation. Thiosulphate flux followed the concentration gradient, showing a linear correlation (r=0.997) between permeated and supplied (10–100 mmol l-1) thiosulphate. The permeability of thiosulphate was not sensitive to the presence of various metabolic inhibitors, implicating a permeation process independent of membrane proteins and showing that the lugworm does not need to use energy to dispose of the sulphide detoxification product. The present data suggest a passive permeation of thiosulphate across the body wall of A. marina. In live lugworms, thiosulphate levels in the coelomic fluid and body wall tissue decreased slowly and at similar rates during recovery from sulphide exposure. The decline in thiosulphate levels followed a decreasing double-exponential function. Thiosulphate was not further oxidized to sulphite or sulphate but was excreted into the sea water.

scholarly journals Viscoelasticity of Holothurian Body Wall

1984 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
TATSUO MOTOKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Elastic Stiffness ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Viscosity Change

1. Stress-relaxation tests and creep tests were performed on the body-wall dermis of two sea cucumbers, Actinopyga echinites (Jäger) and Holothuria leucospilota Brandt. 2. These viscoelastic connective tissues had mechanical properties which agreed well with those of a four-element mechanical model composed of two Maxwell elements connected in parallel. 3. The elastic stiffness of the dermis of Actinopyga was 1.7 MPa and that of Holothuria was 042 MPa. 4. The viscosity of the dermis showed great variation of more than two orders. 5. Chemical stimulation with artificial sea water containing 100 mM potassium increased the viscosity but not elasticity. 6. The viscosity change is suggested to be caused by the change in weak (non-covalent) bonds between macromolecules which constitute the dermis.

scholarly journals Adaptation to Changes of Salinity in the Polychaetes

1937 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Concentration Curve ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Weight Curve ◽  
Body Wall Muscles

1. Nereis diversicolor collected from the same locality at different times showed smaller weight increases in dilute sea water (25 per cent) during the winter than during the summer months. 2. In spite of great variations in the weight curve, the body fluid concentration curve was very constant. 3. The maintenance of hypertonic body fluids and the regulation of body volume are largely unconnected. 4. The lowering of the weight curve below that theoretically expected from the concentration curve cannot be attributed to passive salt loss through the body surface. It is suggested that this is due to the removal of fluid through the nephridia under the hydrostatic pressure produced by the contraction of the body wall muscles. 5. Animals previously subjected to dilute sea water, when placed in water isotonic with the body fluids, will increase the concentration of the latter. This result is more marked when the internal hydrostatic pressure is high. 6. The results suggest that the osmotic regulatory mechanism involves the removal by the nephridia of fluid hypotonic to the body fluids. But no direct evidence for this is available. 7. Calcium deficiency and cyanide in dilute sea water cause an increase of weight and ultimately inhibit the maintenance of hypertonic body fluids. Both these effects are reversible. 8. The mechanism by which body fluids are maintained hypertonic to the external medium is not sufficiently developed to be of survival value in the locality in which the animals were found. 9. The control of body volume is probably of greater importance. 10. The majority of the extra oxygen consumption in dilute sea water is not the result of osmotic work. It is suggested that it may be due to work done by the body wall muscles in resisting swelling.

Studies on the Physiology of Ascaris Lumbricoides

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
A. D. HOBSON ◽  
W. STEPHENSON ◽  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saline Medium

1. The total osmotic pressure, electrical conductivity and chloride concentration of the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides and of the intestinal contents of the pig have been measured. 2. The results obtained agree with the observations of previous workers that Ascaris normally lives in a hypertonic medium and that it swells or shrinks in saline media which are too dilute or too concentrated. 3. Experiments comparing the behaviour of normal and ligatured animals show that both the body wall and the wall of the alimentary canal are surfaces through which water can pass. 4. 30% sea water has been used as a balanced saline medium for keeping the worms alive in the laboratory. This concentration was selected as being the one in which there was least change in the body weight of the animals exposed to it. 5. The osmotic pressure of the body fluid of worms kept in 30% sea water is approximately the same as in animals taken directly from the pig's intestine. The body fluid of fresh worms is hypertonic to 30% sea water and hypotonic to the intestinal fluid. In 30% sea water the normal osmotic gradient across the body wall is therefore reversed. 6. In 30% sea water the total ionic concentration (as measured by the conductivity) decreases slightly, but the chloride concentration increases by about 50%, although still remaining much below that of the external medium. 7. Experiments in which the animals were allowed to come into equilibrium with various concentrations of sea water from 20 to 40% show that there are corresponding changes in the osmotic pressure of the body fluid which is, however, always slightly above that of the saline medium. The conductivity also changes in a similar manner but is always less than that of the medium, and the difference between the two becomes progressively greater the more concentrated the medium. 8. The chloride concentration of the body fluid varies with but is always below that of the external medium, whether this is intestinal fluid or one of the saline media. In the latter the difference between the internal and external chloride concentrations is least in 20% sea water and becomes progressively greater as the concentration of the medium is increased. 9. Experiments with ligatured worms and with eviscerated cylinders of the body wall show that these share the capacity of the normal worm to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the environment. This power is not possessed by cylinders composed of the cuticle alone. 10. If the worms which have had their internal chloride concentration raised by exposure to 30% sea water are transferred to a medium composed of equal volumes of 30% sea water and isotonic sodium nitrate solution, the chloride concentration of the body fluid is reduced to a value below that of the external medium. This phenomenon is also displayed by worms ligatured after removal from the 30% sea water and, to an even more marked degree, by eviscerated cylinders of the body wall. 11. It is concluded that Ascaris is able to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the external medium by an process of chloride excretion against a concentration gradient, and that this mechanism is resident in the body wall, the cuticle being freely permeable to chloride.

Serial Passage of Larval Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda:Ascaridoidea) in Fish

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. B. Burt ◽  
J. D. Campbell ◽  
C. G. Likely ◽  
J. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
First Passage ◽  
Pseudoterranova Decipiens ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

In one experiment, 24 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in fresh water at 11 ± 1 °C were each orally infected by intubation with two third-stage larvae of "sealworm" (Pseudoterranova decipiens) harvested from the flesh of sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) and small Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). In a second experiment, 27 cod in sea water at 0 °C were each force fed, under anaesthesia, four P. decipiens larvae held in a capelin "purse"; these larvae were harvested from large, commercial size cod. Sequential reinvasion by the same P. decipiens larvae was achieved in both of the serial passage experiments. In brook trout, larvae sequentially reinvaded a maximum of two fish, with larvae of cod origin being the more successful at first passage (62.5%) than those of sea raven origin (31.3 and 37.5%). In cod, larvae also achieved sequential reinvasion of a maximum of two fish; the relatively lower success rates of 22.2% (first passage) and 9.1% (second passage) probably reflect the low temperature (0 °C) at which the experiment was conducted.

Tissue distribution of fish antifreeze protein mRNAs

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Gong ◽  
Garth L. Fletcher ◽  
Choy L. Hew
Keyword(s):  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus ◽  
Afp Mrna ◽  
Distribution Of Fish

The presence of fish antifreeze protein (AFP) mRNA was examined in a variety of tissues from the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), and ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus), each of which contains one of the three known AFP types. Northern blot analysis indicates that whereas the AFP mRNA is restricted to liver in sea raven (type II AFP), significant amounts of mRNA are present in many other tissues in both winter flounder (type I) and ocean pout (type III). These results indicate that in sea raven, antifreeze protein synthesis only occurs in the liver, whereas in the ocean pout and winter flounder, synthesis occurs in many tissues throughout the body. These investigations are relevant to understanding the mode of action of these polypeptides.

scholarly journals Clot Formation in the Sipunculid WormThemiste petricola: A Haemostatic and Immune Cellular Response

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Lombardo ◽  
Guillermo A. Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clot Formation ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Fibrous Scaffold ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Clot Structure

Clot formation in the sipunculidThemiste petricola, a coelomate nonsegmented marine worm without a circulatory system, is a cellular response that creates a haemostatic mass upon activation with sea water. The mass with sealing properties is brought about by homotypic aggregation of granular leukocytes present in the coelomic fluid that undergo a rapid process of fusion and cell death forming a homogenous clot or mass. The clot structure appears to be stabilized by abundant F-actin that creates a fibrous scaffold retaining cell-derived components. Since preservation of fluid within the coelom is vital for the worm, clotting contributes to rapidly seal the body wall and entrap pathogens upon injury, creating a matrix where wound healing can take place in a second stage. During formation of the clot, microbes or small particles are entrapped. Phagocytosis of self and non-self particles shed from the clot occurs at the clot neighbourhood, demonstrating that clotting is the initial phase of a well-orchestrated dual haemostatic and immune cellular response.

The Integration of Activity Cycles in the Behaviour of Arenicola Marina L

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
G. P. WELLS ◽  
ELINOR B. ALBRECHT
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Cyclic Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Activity Cycles ◽  
Set Up

1. Lugworms were dissected in such a way that the movements of the following parts could be simultaneously recorded: extrovert, body wall from the anterior three segments, body wall from the branchiate segments, tail. The preparations were set up in sea water and tracings were taken for many hours in each case. The preparations typically settled down to give cyclic behaviour patterns, remarkably similar to those which intact worms exhibit under favourable conditions, and in which two components were conspicuous. 2. The first, and most invariable, component is the feeding cycle (f cycle), of period 6-7 min. This rhythm originates in the oesophagus, and is transmitted to the muscles of the proboscis (where it causes outbursts of vigorous contraction) and body wall (where it causes correlated contractions in the first three segments, but periodic inhibition in the branchiate segments). 3. The second component was seen in two-thirds of the experiments. It consists of bursts of vigorous rhythmic activity in the body wall and tail, and can appear after their connexion with the extrovert has been severed. Under exceptional circumstances (exhaustion of the f cycle) it may spread to the extrovert trace. Its period is generally 20-60 min. It is apparently identical with the irrigation-defaecation cycle (i-d cycle) of intact worms. 4. Neither pacemaker directly affects the rhythm of the other. The integration of the activities which they determine probably depends on variation in the extent to which their influences spread through the neuromuscular system. They appear to compete for territory. If they happen to discharge outbursts simultaneously, the i-d pacemaker dominates over most of the body wall, and the f pacemaker over the proboscis and mouth region.

Osmotic Responses in the Sipunculid Dendrostomum Zostericolum

1954 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-423
Author(s):  
WARREN J. GROSS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
Active Particles

1. The sipunculid Dendrostomum zostericolum demonstrates no ability to regulate osmotically. 2. Dendrostomum behaves superficially as an osmometer, but is actually more complex: (a) the worm shows volume control in concentrated and dilute sea water; (b) it is permeable to salts, mostly through the gut and/or nephridiopores; (c) it can release osmotically active particles from its body wall to the blood. 3. The body wall of Dendrostomum is highly permeable to water, but only slightly to salts. Permeability for both salts and water is greater inwards than outward. 4. Dendrostomum can tolerate a loss of 36% body weight by desiccation and recover when returned to sea water. The mechanism of this tolerance appears to be the removal by fixation in the tissues, of osmotically active particles from the body fluids.

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