Proprioceptive Control of the Bilaterally Organized Rhythmic Activity of the Oesophageal Neuronal Network in the Cape Lobster Jasus Lalandii

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-251
Author(s):  
F. NAGY ◽  
M. MOULINS
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Phase Response Curve ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Motor Network ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. In the lobster Jasus lalandii the activity of the oesophageal nervous system (monitored through the firing of its main motor neuron, OD1) is modulated by a pair of proprioceptors, the posterior stomach receptors (PSRs). 2. The in vitro preparation used consisted of the oesophageal nervous system, the suboesophageal ganglion and the two PSRs, which provide the only source of sensory input. 3. Stimulation of a PSR activates only the oesophageal oscillator located in the ipsilateral commissural ganglion. 4. When spike conduction is blocked in the ipsilateral connective, the stimulation of a PSR activates the contralateral oesophageal oscillator. Inputs from each PSR project to the different parts of the distributed oesophageal network (in the two commissural ganglia and the oesophageal ganglion), but at a given time only one of the PSRs' projections is effective. 5. The relative efficacy of the PSRs' projections is controlled by the oesophageal motor network itself and requires that the superior oesophageal nerves be intact (sons). 6. The PSRs' inputs are integrated in the suboesophageal ganglion before reaching the oesophageal network. However, this premotor step is not involved in the control of the unilaterality of PSRs' effects. 7. The PSRs are stimulated by at least two different rhythmical muscular sequences of the foregut (the gastric mill sequence and the cardiac sac sequence) and provide a source of rhythmical inputs to the CNS. 8. The oesophageal nervous system exhibits a periodically varying sensitivity to the PSRs' inputs, which is illustrated by a phase-response curve. 9. Each oesophageal oscillator can be entrained by the rhythmical PSRs' inputs over a range of period. This range includes the period of the spontaneous gastric rhythm. 10. It is proposed that the PSRs enable the oesophageal and the gastric mill rhythms to be coordinated through a peripheral loop. The participation of PSRs in the coordination of different motor sequences of the foregut is discussed.

Modulation of Hydra attenuata rhythmic activity: phase response curve

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 737-751
Author(s):  
C. Taddei-Ferretti ◽  
L. Cordella
Keyword(s):  
Response Curve ◽  
Phase Response Curve ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Pulse Trains ◽  
Activity Phase ◽  
Photic Stimulus ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hydra Attenuata ◽  
Stimulation Of

We investigated the effect of photic stimulation on the frequency of Hydra attenuata column contractions. We used positive or negative abrupt light transitions, single or repetitive light or darkness pulses, and alternation of light and darkness periods. The main results are: (a) The frequency of the contraction pulse trains (CPTs) varies transiently in response to an abrupt variation of the light intensity. (b) CPTs in progress can be inhibited by different types of photic stimuli. (c) The response time to a single photic stimulus varies during the inter-CPT interval and depends also on the polarity of the stimulus. (d) The CPTs are entrainable with repetitive light stimulation of various frequencies. (e) Long-lasting variations of the frequency of CPTs occur after the end of a repetitive light stimulation. We suggest that the mechanism responsible for the rhythym of column contractions is quite similar to that on which other biological rhythmic phenomena are based.

Optical Stimulation of the Central Nervous System In Vitro

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Cayce ◽  
Chris Kao ◽  
Jonathan D. Malphurus ◽  
Peter Konrad ◽  
Duco Jansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optical Stimulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

AIRFLOW SENSORS IN THE AVIAN WING

1993 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Brown ◽  
M. R. Fedde
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Separation Point ◽  
Discharge Frequency ◽  
Airflow Velocity ◽  
Discharge Characteristics ◽  
Distal Half ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

Mechanoreceptors on or near feather follicles in the wings of birds may provide information about airflow over the wing. We studied discharge characteristics of rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors associated with propatagial covert feathers, slowly adapting receptors within the alular joint and vibration-sensitive receptors of filoplume follicles attached to the follicles of secondary flight feathers during manual feather movements and during airflow over the wing. Dorsal elevation of covert feathers produced an increase in discharge frequency related to the angle of elevation. Extension of the alula produced an increase in discharge frequency related to the angle of extension. Stimulation of receptors located on the distal half of the follicles of secondary flight feathers by airflow over the wing produced a continuous discharge whose frequency correlated with airflow velocity. There is thus abundant sensory input from the wing to the central nervous system. We conclude that birds have the necessary sensor-feather mechanisms in the wing (1) to detect an imminent stall and the location of the separation point of the airflow from the wing's surface, and (2) to measure airspeed by detecting the frequency of vibration of the secondary flight feathers.

Spectral Analyses Reveal the Presence of Adult-Like Activity in the Embryonic Stomatogastric Motor Patterns of the Lobster, Homarus americanus

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 3104-3122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina J. Rehm ◽  
Adam L. Taylor ◽  
Stefan R. Pulver ◽  
Eve Marder
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Cancer Borealis ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Slow Activity

The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the embryonic lobster is rhythmically active prior to hatching, before the network is needed for feeding. In the adult lobster, two rhythms are typically observed: the slow gastric mill rhythm and the more rapid pyloric rhythm. In the embryo, rhythmic activity in both embryonic gastric mill and pyloric neurons occurs at a similar frequency, which is slightly slower than the adult pyloric frequency. However, embryonic motor patterns are highly irregular, making traditional burst quantification difficult. Consequently, we used spectral analysis to analyze long stretches of simultaneous recordings from muscles innervated by gastric and pyloric neurons in the embryo. This analysis revealed that embryonic gastric mill neurons intermittently produced pauses and periods of slower activity not seen in the recordings of the output from embryonic pyloric neurons. The slow activity in the embryonic gastric mill neurons increased in response to the exogenous application of Cancer borealis tachykinin-related peptide 1a (CabTRP), a modulatory peptide that appears in the inputs to the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) late in larval development. These results suggest that the STG network can express adult-like rhythmic behavior before fully differentiated adult motor patterns are observed, and that the maturation of the neuromodulatory inputs is likely to play a role in the eventual establishment of the adult motor patterns.

The Swimmeret Rhythm and its Relationships with Postural and Locomotor Activity in the Isolated Nervous System of the Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii

1991 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-226
Author(s):  
JEAN-YVES BARTHE ◽  
MICHELLE BÉVENGUT ◽  
FRANÇOIS CLARAC
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Metachronal Wave ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Motor Outputs ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
Peripheral Sensory ◽  
Stimulation Of

An in vitro preparation was developed consisting of the five thoracic and abdominal ganglia of the crayfish nerve cord, isolated from anterior nervous structures and from peripheral sensory inputs. The central activities of the thoracic leg, swimmeret and abdominal positioning motor systems and their relationships were studied. When motor outputs were tonic in the thoracic leg nerves (90% of the preparations), continuous rhythmic activity occurred and persisted for several hours in the swimmeret nerves. Interruptions of the swimmeret rhythm were associated with rhythmic motor outputs in the leg nerves (10% of the preparations). Motor activity in the abdominal positioning system was mainly tonic. Swimmeret rhythm reversibly disappeared during application of a sucrose block between the thoracic and abdominal parts of the nerve cord. Electrical stimulation of the connectives posterior to the block induced bouts of rhythmic swimmeret activity. Comparisons of the swimmeret rhythm (period) and the metachronal wave (duration, phase) showed that sectioning of the connectives between the thoracic and abdominal ganglia modified the period but did not affect the properties of the metachronal wave. We conclude that the presence of descending inputs from thoracic ganglia is necessary for persistent swimmeret activity.

scholarly journals Issues Impairing the Success of Neural Implant Technology

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
A. Spiers ◽  
K. Warwick ◽  
M. Gasson ◽  
V. Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Neural Implant ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

By monitoring signals from the central nervous system, humans can be provided with a novel extra channel of communication that can, for example, be used for the voluntary control of peripheral devices. Meanwhile, stimulation of neural tissue can bring about sensation such as touch, can facilitate feedback from external, potentially remote devices and even opens up the possibility of new sensory input for the individual to experience. The concept of successfully harnessing and stimulating nervous system activity is though something that can only be achieved through an appropriate interface. However, interfacing the nervous system by means of implant technology carries with it many problems and dangers. Further, results achieved may not be as expected or as they at first appear. This paper describes a comparative study investigating different implant types and procedures. It is aimed at highlighting potential problem areas and is intended to provide a useful reference explaining important tolerances and limits.

Gastric mill activity in the lobster. II. Proctolin and octopamine initiate and modulate chewing

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Heinzel
Keyword(s):  
Single Injection ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Subsequent Reaction ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Period Duration ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The neuromodulators proctolin and octopamine were injected into the circulatory system of lobsters, and the subsequent reaction of their gastric mill was analyzed with the help of an endoscope. 2. Injections of proctolin into the dorsal heart sinus elicited chewing with period durations of 5-60 s after a latency of 53 +/- 42 s (n = 32 injections). The threshold dose was 1 ml of 1.5 X 10(-7) M, which results in an estimated concentration of 3 X 10(-9) M in the blood. 3. The effects of proctolin on the coordination of the three teeth of the gastric mill is dose dependent. Proctolin injections of 1 ml of 1.5 X 10(-6) M elicited chewing in the squeeze mode, 1 ml of 1.5 X 10(-4) M triggered chewing in the cut-and-grind mode. Both modes are different in terms of coordination and usage of functionally different parts of the teeth. 4. An increase in the proctolin dose causes an increase of the duty cycle (ratio of closing duration to period duration) of the chewing from 0.19 to 0.51. The corresponding period duration shortens (from 30.8 to 9.9 s) at intermediate doses, but lengthens to 16.6 s at high doses because the closing duration goes up. 5. Chewing following a single injection can last between 2 and 30 min. Besides more or less stereotypic chewing in one of the basic modes, variations occurred, such as chewing of just the lateral teeth, cycle-by-cycle switching between different modes, or double bites of either the lateral teeth or the medial tooth. 6. Proctolin increased the strength of reflex bites, which could be elicited by mechanical stimulation of the cardiac sac. 7. Octopamine elicited not only irregular chewing, but also other reactions such as struggling, only if high doses, between 1 ml of 1.5 X 10(-4) and 1.5 X 10(-3) M were given, which correspond to an estimated concentration in the blood of between 3 X 10(-6) and 3 X 10(-5) M. 8. The proctolin effects on the gastric mill match the spontaneously occurring behavioral repertoire of the gastric mill, and they are explainable with known properties of the gastric central pattern generator and its sensitivity to proctolin.

Crayfish Escape Behaviour: Commands for Fast Movement Inhibit Postural Tone and Reflexes, and Prevent Habituation of Slow Reflexes

1979 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-224
Author(s):  
JOHN Y. KUWADA ◽  
JEFFREY J. WINE
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
Fast Movement ◽  
Postural Tone ◽  
Stimulation Of

Organized behaviour requires central neural mechanisms to prevent the simultaneous occurrence of incompatible movements. We investigated neural pathways in crayfish that suppress slow flexion of the abdomen during rapid flexions (‘tailflips’) produced by a separate set of muscles. The slow flexors are innervated in each half segment of the abdomen by five motor neurones and one peripheral inhibitor. In isolated preparations of the abdominal nervous system, stimulation of identified command neurones, which trigger tailflips in intact animals, inhibited spontaneous activity in the motor neurones to the slow flexors and excited the peripheral inhibitor. These effects are mediated by a population of interganglionic intemeurones interposed between the command cells and the slow flexor efferents. Slow flexor reflexes also were inhibited by escape commands. This inhibition includes pathways that act upon early stages of sensory input. As a result, habituation of reflexes, which normally is produced by repeated stimulation, is abolished if each sensory stimulus is preceded by a burst of impulses in the command neurone.

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