The Disk Spring or Belleville Washer

1946 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Internal Stress ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
Helical Springs ◽  
Inside Diameter ◽  
Rapid Design ◽  
Calculated Stress ◽  
Disk Spring ◽  
Single Disk ◽  
Outside Diameter

The conical disk spring, often known after the original patentee as the Belleville Washer, has considerable potentialities for cushioning purposes, but its use in this country has been restricted owing to the lack of published information regarding the load-deflexion and stress-deflexion relations obtaining. The circular conical disk of constant thickness, with a concentric hole and under central loading, is analysed in theory and design. Part I deals with theoretical aspects of the single disk, shows that a range of load-deflexion curves can be obtained (the shape of the curve depending on the ratio of the free camber to the thickness of the disk) and develops the relation between the distribution of internal stress and the ratio of the outside diameter of the disk to the inside diameter (showing that for economic utilization of space and material this ratio should not be more than two). Part II deals with the design of nests of disk springs, with particular reference to the use of these nests for buffering duties outside those for which helical springs can be easily employed. A figure for the maximum permissible calculated stress is suggested and a set of simple formulae which facilitate rapid design is developed from a consideration of the storage of energy under deflexion.

The Slotted Conical Disk Spring

1973 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Schremmer
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Inside Diameter ◽  
Disk Spring ◽  
Single Disk ◽  
Outside Diameter

The slotted conical disk spring is a modification of the regular conical disk spring or Belleville spring inasmuch as it has regularly arranged slots extending from the inside diameter. A single disk of the slotted type undergoes a larger deflection at a smaller load than a regular disk spring of comparable dimensions, thereby combining some of the advantages of the disk spring and the cantilever type spring in a single unit. It is used, where stacking is undesirable, a relatively large outside diameter is tolerable, and a regressive load-deflection-diagram is desired, like in clutch applications. The theory presented here allows the design of slotted disk springs without the lengthy trial and error procedure that has been used so far. Experiments show the validity of the new theory.

SANDVIK 310/T22

Alloy Digest ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Composite Tube ◽  
Design Load ◽  
Inside Diameter ◽  
Superheater Tube ◽  
310 Stainless Steel ◽  
Outside Diameter ◽  
Load Carrier

Abstract SANDVIK 310/T22 is a composite tube consisting of Type 310 stainless steel for corrosion resistance on the outside diameter and having T22 (21/4 Cr-1Mo) to A213 on the inside diameter to act as the superheater tube and design load carrier. This datasheet provides information on composition. It also includes information on forming and joining. Filing Code: SA-477. Producer or source: Sandvik.

Design of Helical Springs for Minimum Weight, Volume, and Length

1959 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Hinkle ◽  
I. E. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Minimum Weight ◽  
Allowable Stress ◽  
Number Of Solutions ◽  
Helical Springs ◽  
Additional Requirement ◽  
Outside Diameter ◽  
Selection Of

In the design of helical springs where the load, deflection, allowable stress, and material are specified, there are an infinite number of solutions. In this paper, equations and graphs are presented for the selection of a spring index that will result in a spring of minimum weight, volume, or length. If, an addition to these requirements, the inside or outside diameter of the spring is fixed, there is only one solution. Equations and graphs are included for the selection of the spring index which will satisfy this additional requirement.

Design and Numerical Simulation of the Disk Spring Vertical Isolation Device

2014 ◽  
Vol 501-504 ◽  
pp. 819-822
Author(s):  
Xue Yuan Yan ◽  
Jian Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Contact Problems ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Disk Spring ◽  
Single Disk ◽  
Simulation And Experiment ◽  
Isolation Device ◽  
Test Requirements

A vertical isolation device was designed and based on test requirements in this paper, which adopt disk spring with external guide sleeve. Through reasonable designing, this device can meet the requirements of stiffness and bearing capacity, etc. Single disk spring and properties of vertical isolation device were analyzed by finite element software ANSYS. The numerical simulation and the theoretical solution of single disk spring are basically coincident when small deformation. Even the deformation is large and there only are minor differences. The contact problems between disk springs, disk group and external sleeve, should be taken into consideration. The comparisons for hysteretic curve between numerical simulation and experiment result of vertical isolation device shows that their stiffness and energy dissipation capacity are very close, and the precision of the model can satisfy the requirement of numerical analysis and engineering application.

Inexpensive modification of Balzers freeze-etch units for production of high resolution specimens

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 616-617
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Richard A. Smucker ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Operating Procedure ◽  
Quartz Crystal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Model ◽  
Brass Tube ◽  
Inside Diameter ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Graphite Rod ◽  
Outside Diameter

Many of the early model Balzers freeze etch units are currently unused because of the unreliability of the described procedure for use of their resistance evaporators and the cost of replacement electron guns and quartz crystal monitors. The availability of a Bendix Balzers BA-510 system at no cost to us prompted our effort to modify it inexpensively and revise the operating procedure to permit perparation of high resolution replicas.Modifications consisted of: 1) the construction of a 6 mm outside diameter brass tube 2 cm in length with a 3 mm inside diameter. The tube was split down its length so that when it was clamped into the Balzers resistance evaporator for Pt deposition a 3 mm graphite rod insert would be held in place; 2) the end of a 3 mm graphite rod was sharpened, flattened to a diameter of 1 mm and forced by the internal spring tension against the flat end of the other graphite rod (a sharpened 6 mm rod with its end flattened to 3 m m diameter.

scholarly journals Flow of water in curved pipes

1910 ◽  
Vol 84 (568) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Inside Diameter ◽  
Curved Pipes ◽  
Pressure Tubing ◽  
Metal Pipes ◽  
Outside Diameter

Preliminary Experiments .—The author has for several years been engaged in experimentally investigating the resistance to the flow of fluids in metal pipes, both straight and curved. In order to study the effect of change of curvature, several experiments have been made on the flow of water in flexible pressure tubing with thick walls—a composite of rubber and canvas—the inner portion being red rubber surrounded by canvas, the canvas being covered on the outside with grey rubber. Dimensions of tube:—Outside diameter 0⋅81 cm.; inside diameter 0⋅3684 cm. (calculated from the volume of the tube.)

A Replica Technique for the Inside Surfaces of Small Diameter Pipes and Tubes

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 352-353
Author(s):  
T. G. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
Tube Size ◽  
Inside Diameter ◽  
Complete Inspection ◽  
Operating Limits

A nondestructive replica technique permitting complete inspection of bore surfaces having an inside diameter from 0.050 inch to 0.500 inch is described. Replicas are thermally formed on the outside surface of plastic tubing inflated in the bore of the sample being studied. This technique provides a new medium for inspection of bores that are too small or otherwise beyond the operating limits of conventional inspection methods.Bore replicas may be prepared by sliding a length of plastic tubing completely through the bore to be studied as shown in Figure 1. Polyvinyl chloride tubing suitable for this replica process is commercially available in sizes from 0.037- to 0.500-inch diameter. A tube size slightly smaller than the bore to be replicated should be used to facilitate insertion of the plastic replica blank into the bore.

High-angle electron scattering from amorphous silicon

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
M. Libera ◽  
J.A. Ott ◽  
K. Siangchaew ◽  
L. Tsung
Keyword(s):  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Fast Electrons ◽  
Angle Scattering ◽  
Stem Image ◽  
Amorphous Si ◽  
Thermal Vibrations

Channeling occurs when fast electrons follow atomic strings in a crystal where there is a minimum in the potential energy (1). Channeling has a strong effect on high-angle scattering. Deviations in atomic position along a channel due to structural defects or thermal vibrations increase the probability of scattering (2-5). Since there are no extended channels in an amorphous material the question arises: for a given material with constant thickness, will the high-angle scattering be higher from a crystal or a glass?Figure la shows a HAADF STEM image collected using a Philips CM20 FEG TEM/STEM with inner and outer collection angles of 35mrad and lOOmrad. The specimen (6) was a cross section of singlecrystal Si containing: amorphous Si (region A), defective Si containing many stacking faults (B), two coherent Ge layers (CI; C2), and a contamination layer (D). CBED patterns (fig. lb), PEELS spectra, and HAADF signals (fig. lc) were collected at 106K and 300K along the indicated line.

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