A Replica Technique for the Inside Surfaces of Small Diameter Pipes and Tubes

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 352-353
Author(s):  
T. G. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
Tube Size ◽  
Inside Diameter ◽  
Complete Inspection ◽  
Operating Limits

A nondestructive replica technique permitting complete inspection of bore surfaces having an inside diameter from 0.050 inch to 0.500 inch is described. Replicas are thermally formed on the outside surface of plastic tubing inflated in the bore of the sample being studied. This technique provides a new medium for inspection of bores that are too small or otherwise beyond the operating limits of conventional inspection methods.Bore replicas may be prepared by sliding a length of plastic tubing completely through the bore to be studied as shown in Figure 1. Polyvinyl chloride tubing suitable for this replica process is commercially available in sizes from 0.037- to 0.500-inch diameter. A tube size slightly smaller than the bore to be replicated should be used to facilitate insertion of the plastic replica blank into the bore.

scholarly journals Comparison of Standard Polyvinyl Chloride Tracheal Tubes and Straight Reinforced Tracheal Tubes for Tracheal Intubation through Different Sizes of the Airtraq Laryngoscope in Anesthetized and Paralyzed Patients

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilios K. Dimitriou ◽  
Ioannis D. Zogogiannis ◽  
Amalia K. Douma ◽  
Nikolaos D. Pentilas ◽  
Despoina G. Liotiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracheal Intubation ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Successful Intubation ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Tube Size ◽  
Straight Wire ◽  
Intubation Success ◽  
Intubation Success Rate ◽  
Tube Type

Background The authors compared the intubation success rate of straight reinforced tracheal tubes emerging from the Airtraq laryngoscope (Prodol Meditec S.A., Vizcaya, Spain) with standard preformed polyvinyl chloride tracheal tubes in anesthetized patients. Methods The authors randomly allocated 347 adult patients to be intubated with standard polyvinyl chloride tracheal tubes, standard straight wire-reinforced tracheal tubes, or silicone straight wire-reinforced tubes, through either the larger or the smaller adult laryngoscope sizes. The possible influence of laryngoscope size, tube size, and tube type on intubation failure was examined. Results Success rates were 100% for polyvinyl chloride tracheal tubes, 78.5% for standard wire-reinforced tracheal tubes, and 75.4% for silicone wire-reinforced tubes (P < 0.01). Compared with the former, patients in the straight standard and silicone wire-reinforced tube groups required more optimization maneuvers (4.1% vs. 42.1%; P < 0.01) and more attempts at successful intubation (0% vs. 7.3%; P < 0.01). The angle created by the tube emerging from the Airtraq guiding channel was inversely correlated to the ratio of the endotracheal tube OD to the width of the channel in the standard and silicone wire-reinforced tube groups (r = -0.95 and r = -0.82, respectively; P < 0.01). Finally, a decrease in 0.1 of the above ratio was associated with a 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.9-5.2; P < 0.01) times increase in the odds ratio of intubation failure. Conclusions Standard polyvinyl chloride tracheal tubes were found to be superior compared with standard and silicone straight wire-reinforced tubes for intubation through the Airtraq laryngoscope. In the latter groups, a decrease of the ratio of their OD to the width of the Airtraq guiding channel resulted in increased intubation failure.

Surface Structure of Nucleated Animal Cells: Carbon Replicas

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 120-121
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser ◽  
Thea B. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
Carbon Replica ◽  
Characteristic Particle ◽  
Cell Surface Structure ◽  
Carbon Replicas

The carbon-replica technique can be used to obtain information about cell-surface structure that cannot ordinarily be obtained by thin-section techniques. Mammalian erythrocytes have been studied by the replica technique and they appear to be characterized by a pebbly or “plaqued“ surface texture. The characteristic “particle” diameter is about 200 Å to 400 Å. We have now extended our observations on cell-surface structure to chicken and frog erythrocytes, which possess a broad range of cellular functions, and to normal rat lymphocytes and mouse ascites tumor cells, which are capable of cell division. In these experiments fresh cells were washed in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium Salt Solution (for suspension cultures) and one volume of a 10% cell suspension was added to one volume of 2% OsO4 or 5% gluteraldehyde in 0.067 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3. Carbon replicas were obtained by a technique similar to that employed by Glaeser et al. Figure 1 shows an electron micrograph of a carbon replica made from a chicken erythrocyte, and Figure 2 shows an enlarged portion of the same cell.

Studies of Circular DNA Using a New Electron Microscopic Technique

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 596-597
Author(s):  
C. N. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aqueous Salt Solution ◽  
Contour Length ◽  
Cleavage Surface ◽  
Mica Substrate ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopic Technique

Gordon and Kleinschmidt have described a new preparative technique for visualizing DNA by electron microscopy. This procedure, which is a modification of Hall's “mica substrate technique”, consists of the following steps: (a) K+ ions on the cleavage surface of native mica are exchanged for Al3+ ions by ion exchange. (b) The mica, with Al3+ in the exchange sites on the surface, is placed in a dilute aqueous salt solution of DNA for several minutes; during this period DNA becomes adsorbed on the surface. (c) The mica with adsorbed DNA is removed from the DNA solution, rinsed, dried and visualized for transmission electron microscopy by Hall's platinum pre-shadow replica technique.In previous studies of circular DNA by this technique, most of the molecules seen were either broken to linears or extensively tangled; in general, it was not possible to obtain suitably large samples of open extended molecules for contour length measurements.

Structural Organization and Distribution of Fiber Types in Extraocular Muscles of Cats

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Asish C. Nag ◽  
Lee D. Peachey
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Extraocular Muscles ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Superior Rectus ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Orbital Region

Cat extraocular muscles consist of two regions: orbital, and global. The orbital region contains predominantly small diameter fibers, while the global region contains a variety of fibers of different diameters. The differences in ultrastructural features among these muscle fibers indicate that the extraocular muscles of cats contain at least five structurally distinguishable types of fibers.Superior rectus muscles were studied by light and electron microscopy, mapping the distribution of each fiber type with its distinctive features. A mixture of 4% paraformaldehyde and 4% glutaraldehyde was perfused through the carotid arteries of anesthetized adult cats and applied locally to exposed superior rectus muscles during the perfusion.

Prospects for convergent beam electron diffraction with a 200kV cold field-emission transmission electron microscope

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
J W Steeds ◽  
R Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Field Emission ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction ◽  
Zone Axis ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Good Crystallinity ◽  
Special Modification ◽  
Convergent Beam

We review the analytical powers which will become more widely available as medium voltage (200-300kV) TEMs with facilities for CBED on a nanometre scale come onto the market. Of course, high performance cold field emission STEMs have now been in operation for about twenty years, but it is only in relatively few laboratories that special modification has permitted the performance of CBED experiments. Most notable amongst these pioneering projects is the work in Arizona by Cowley and Spence and, more recently, that in Cambridge by Rodenburg and McMullan.There are a large number of potential advantages of a high intensity, small diameter, focussed probe. We discuss first the advantages for probes larger than the projected unit cell of the crystal under investigation. In this situation we are able to perform CBED on local regions of good crystallinity. Zone axis patterns often contain information which is very sensitive to thickness changes as small as 5nm. In conventional CBED, with a lOnm source, it is very likely that the information will be degraded by thickness averaging within the illuminated area.

Microanalysis of precipitates in a ferritic steel

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
J.M. Titchmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Made In

The advances in recent years in the microanalytical capabilities of conventional TEM's fitted with probe forming lenses allow much more detailed investigations to be made of the microstructures of complex alloys, such as ferritic steels, than have been possible previously. In particular, the identification of individual precipitate particles with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers in alloys containing high densities of several chemically and crystallographically different precipitate types is feasible. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was to establish a method which allowed individual particle identification to be made in a few seconds so that large numbers of particles could be examined in a few hours.A Philips EM400 microscope, fitted with the scanning transmission (STEM) objective lens pole-pieces and an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analyser, was used at 120 kV with a thermal W hairpin filament. The precipitates examined were extracted using a standard C replica technique from specimens of a 2¼Cr-lMo ferritic steel in a quenched and tempered condition.

Applications of SIMS to electronic materials and devices

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1682-1683
Author(s):  
S.F. Corcoran
Keyword(s):  
Depth Distribution ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Semiconductor Device ◽  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
Detection Sensitivity

Over the past decade secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has played an increasingly important role in the characterization of electronic materials and devices. The ability of SIMS to provide part per million detection sensitivity for most elements while maintaining excellent depth resolution has made this technique indispensable in the semiconductor industry. Today SIMS is used extensively in the characterization of dopant profiles, thin film analysis, and trace analysis in bulk materials. The SIMS technique also lends itself to 2-D and 3-D imaging via either the use of stigmatic ion optics or small diameter primary beams.By far the most common application of SIMS is the determination of the depth distribution of dopants (B, As, P) intentionally introduced into semiconductor materials via ion implantation or epitaxial growth. Such measurements are critical since the dopant concentration and depth distribution can seriously affect the performance of a semiconductor device. In a typical depth profile analysis, keV ion sputtering is used to remove successive layers the sample.

Three-Dimensional Immunoelectron Microscopy of Yeast Cells by a New High-Resolution Replica Method

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
Hirano T. ◽  
M. Yamaguchi ◽  
M. Hayashi ◽  
Y. Sekiguchi ◽  
A. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Plasma Polymerization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Replica Method ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Dynamic Aspect ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
Gaseous Hydrocarbon ◽  
Transmission Electron

A plasma polymerization film replica method is a new high resolution replica technique devised by Tanaka et al. in 1978. It has been developed for investigation of the three dimensional ultrastructure in biological or nonbiological specimens with the transmission electron microscope. This method is based on direct observation of the single-stage replica film, which was obtained by directly coating on the specimen surface. A plasma polymerization film was deposited by gaseous hydrocarbon monomer in a glow discharge.The present study further developed the freeze fracture method by means of a plasma polymerization film produces a three dimensional replica of chemically untreated cells and provides a clear evidence of fine structure of the yeast plasma membrane, especially the dynamic aspect of the structure of invagination (Figure 1).

Improved immunolabelling of ultrathin cryosections using antibody conjugated with 1nm gold particles

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 928-929
Author(s):  
Morten H. Nielsen ◽  
Lone Bastholm
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Cytochemical Staining ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Labelling Density ◽  
Ultrathin Cryosections ◽  
Mouse Pituitary ◽  
Electron Microscopical

During the last 5 years the diameter of the gold probes used for immuno-cytochemical staining at the electron microscopical (EM) level has been decreased. The advantage of small diameter gold probes is an overall increased labelling density. The disadvantage is a lower detectability due to the low electron density of smaller gold particles consequently an inconvenient high primary magnification needed for EM examination. Since 1 nm gold particles are barely visible by conventional EM examination the need for enlargement by silverenhancement of the gold particles has increased.In the present study of ultrathin cryosectioned material the results of immunostaining using 5 nm gold conjugated antibody and 1 nm gold conjugated antibodies are compared after silverenhancement of the 1 nm gold particles.Slices of freshly isolated mouse pituitary gland were immersion fixed for 20 min in 2 % glutaraldehyde /2 % paraformaldehyde. Blocks cryoprotected with 2.3 M sucrose were frozen in liquid nitrogen and ultra-cryosectioned on a RMC cryoultra-microtome.

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