Individual Effect Of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement After A Re-Warm-Up: Statistically Not Significant But Clinically Meaningful.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a conditioning activity (CA) composed of continuous countermovement jumps on twitch torque production and 30-m sprint times. Methods: A total of 12 sprint athletes, 10 men (23.5 [7.7] y) and 2 women (23.0 [2.8] y), volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were evaluated in 2 sessions as follows: (1) to determine the effects of the CA (3 sets of 5 continuous vertical jumps with a 1-min interval between sets) on 30-m sprint performance over time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min) and (2) to evaluate twitch peak torque to determine the magnitude and time course of the induced postactivation potentiation at the same recovery intervals. Results: Mixed-model analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc verified that there was a decrease on the 30-m sprint time at 2 minutes (P = .01; Δ = 2.78%; effect size [ES] = 0.43) and 4 minutes (P = .02; Δ = 2%, ES = 0.30) compared with pre when the CA preceded the sprints. The peak torque of quadriceps also showed significant increase from pretest to 2 minutes (P < .01; Δ = 17.0% [12.2%]; ES = 0.45) and 4 minutes (P = .02; Δ = 7.2% [8.8%]; ES = 0.20). Conclusion: The inclusion of CA composed of continuous countermovement jumps in the warm-up routine improved 30-m sprint performance at 2- and 4-minute time intervals after the CA (postactivation performance enhancement). Since postactivation potentiation was confirmed with electrical stimulation at the time when sprint performance increased, it was concluded that postactivation potentiation may have contributed to the observed performance increases.

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Does one heavy load back squat set lead to postactivation performance enhancement of three-point explosion and sprint in third division American football players?

BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation ◽

10.1186/s13102-021-00288-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Robert Bielitzki ◽

Daniel Hamacher ◽

Astrid Zech

Keyword(s):

Performance Enhancement ◽

Performance Measure ◽

American Football ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Football Players ◽

Point Explosion ◽

Heavy Load ◽

Warm Up ◽

Back Squat ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background American football players need the ability to provide maximal muscular power in a modicum of time. Postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE), which is characterized by an acute improvement of a performance measure following conditioning contractions, could be of value for American football players. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a heavy load back squat PAPE protocol on three-point explosion (TPE; an essential blocking technique and drill) and 40-yard dash (40YD) performance compared to a traditional warm-up in American football players. Methods In a crossover study design, eighteen male competitive regional league American football players (mean ± SD: body mass 93.9 ± 15.5 kg, height 181.4 ± 6.8 cm, age 24.8 ± 3.9 years) performed a TPE on a double blocking sled (weight: 150 kg) and a 40YD (36.6 m with a 5 and 10 m split) 8 min after two different warm-up conditions. One condition was a traditional, football specific warm-up (TWU) consisting of game related movements (e.g. backward lunges, lateral power steps), whereas the other condition (PAPE) consisted of three explosive back squats with a load of 91 % one-repetition maximum. Results There was no significant difference in TPE between TWU and PAPE. For the 40YD, we found significantly shorter sprint times in the PAPE condition with medium effect sizes for the 5 m (p = 0.007; r = 0.45) and 10 m (p = 0.020; r = 0.39) but not for the whole 36.6 m distance (p = 0.084; r = 0.29) compared to the TWU condition. Conclusions The used heavy load back squat PAPE protocol improved sprint performance over short distances (≤ 10 m) but not complex movements like the three-point explosion.

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Does the warm-up effect subsequent post activation performance enhancement?

The Journal of Sport and Exercise Science ◽

10.36905/jses.2021.04.08 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Keyword(s):

Performance Enhancement ◽

Warm Up

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Acute Effects of Vibration Foam Rolling with Light and Moderate Pressure on Blood Pressure and Senior Fitness Test in Older Women

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182111186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 11186

Author(s):

Wen-Chieh Yang ◽

Che-Hsiu Chen ◽

Lee-Ping Chu ◽

Chih-Hui Chiu ◽

Chin-Hsien Hsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Older Women ◽

Performance Enhancement ◽

Step Test ◽

Moderate Pressure ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Light Pressure ◽

Warm Up ◽

Foam Rolling ◽

Fitness Test

Vibration foam rolling (VR) can improve flexibility and sports performance. However, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and senior fitness test (SFT) responses induced by an acute VR session in older women are currently unknown. Fifteen healthy women (72.90 ± 4.32 years) completed three separated randomly sequenced experimental visits. During each visit, they started with a warm-up protocol (general warm up (GW): walking + static stretching (SS), SS + VR with light pressure (VRL), or SS + VR with moderate pressure (VRM)), and completed BP, HR, SFT measurements. The systolic BP increased significantly after all three warm up protocols (p < 0.05). Both VRL and VRM protocols induced statistically significant improvements (effect size range: 0.3–1.04, p < 0.05) in the senior fitness test (back scratch, 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, and 8 foot up and go), as compared to the GW. In addition, the VRM showed greater improvement for the 2 min step test when comparing with the VRL. Therefore, including VR in a warm-up protocol can result in superior SFT performance enhancement than the GW does in healthy older women.

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The Effects of Plyometric Conditioning on Post-Activation Bench Press Performance

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2020-0017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 99-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michal Krzysztofik ◽

Michal Wilk

Keyword(s):

Power Output ◽

Bench Press ◽

Performance Enhancement ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Rest Interval ◽

Mean Power ◽

Warm Up ◽

Bar Velocity ◽

Press Performance ◽

Mean Power Output

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the effects of plyometric push-ups as a conditioning activity (CA) on high-loaded bench press performance. Two groups of resistance-trained males age (24.5 ± 2.6 years, body mass 84.8 ± 8 kg) performed one of two CA protocols: 3 sets of 5 repetitions of plyometric push-ups with a 1 min rest interval between sets (PAPE; n=12) or equal time aerobic warm-up (CONT; n=12). Four minutes after completion of the CA protocols the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the bench press exercise at 70%1RM and 4 min rest interval between sets to assess post-activation differences in peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) between conditions. The two-way ANOVA revealed significant condition × set interaction effect for PP (p<0.01), MP (p<0.05), PV (p<0.01), and MV (p=0.02). The post hoc for condition × set interaction showed that PAPE caused a significant decrease in PP and PV for P-Set2 and P-Set3 when compared to baseline (BA). The MP and MV for the PAPE condition decreased significantly during the P-Set3 compared to BA and to P-Set1. The t-test comparisons for delta values showed significant differences between PAPE and CONT in PP for P-Set1 – BA (p<0.01), in MP for P-Set2 – P-Set1 (p<0.03) and for P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p=0.04). Furthermore, there were significant differences in PV for P-Set3 – BA; P-Set2 – P-Set1; P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.02 respectively). Finally, there were significant differences in MV for P-Set1 – BA; P-Set2 – P-Set1 and P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.02 respectively). This study demonstrated that plyometric push-ups lead to performance enhancement of the bench press exercise at 70%1RM. The increases in performance were observed only in the first set following the CA, while a significant decrease of these variables was registered in P-Set2 and P-Set3.

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Effectiveness of On-Court Resistive Warm-Ups on Change of Direction Speed and Smash Velocity during a Simulated Badminton Match Play in Well-Trained Players

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk6040081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Man Tong Chua ◽

Kin Ming Chow ◽

Danny Lum ◽

Andrew Wei Han Tay ◽

Wan Xiu Goh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Performance Enhancement ◽

Random Order ◽

Match Play ◽

Warm Up ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Order Change ◽

National Training

In badminton, power production can be enhanced through the fundamental practice of a dynamic warm-up with resistance conditioning activity to induce a post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) effect. The use of heavy resistance exercise in the form of heavy weights to induce PAPE during competition is not logistically practical in the badminton arena. Thus, there is a need to investigate the use of easily available alternative preconditioning stimuli to induce a similar potentiating effect in badminton-specific performance. This study adopted a repeated-measures design of three warm-up conditions: control (CON), weighted wearable resistance (WWR), and resistance band variable resistance (BVR). Fourteen badminton players from the national training squad (11 males, 3 females, age 18 ± 1 y) completed the experimental sessions in random order. Change of direction speed (CODS) and smash velocity (SV) tests were performed at five timepoints—baseline test after the warm-up and at the end of each of the four exercise blocks of a simulated match play protocol. CODS was significantly faster under the two resistance warm-up conditions (WWR and BVR) compared to the CON condition at baseline (−0.2 s ± 0.39 and −0.2 s ± 0.46, p = 0.001 and 0.03, g = 0.47 and 0.40, respectively), but there were no differences at the other timepoints (all p > 0.05). SV was significantly faster for all the four exercise blocks than at baseline under all three warm-up conditions (p = 0.02), but there were no differences in SV between the three warm-up conditions across all the five measured timepoints (p = 0.15). In conclusion, implementing resistance (~10% body weight) in sport-specific plyometric exercises using WWR or BVR during warm-up routines may induce PAPE effects on the change of direction speed but not smash velocity, in well-trained badminton players, as compared with the same warm-up exercises using bodyweight (i.e., CON condition). The positive effects of CODS were, however, observed only at the start of the match and possibly lasted for up to between 5 and 10 min of match play.

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Unilateral and Bilateral Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Jump Performance and Agility

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph181910154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (19) ◽

pp. 10154

Author(s):

Alejandro Escobar Hincapié ◽

Carlos Alberto Agudelo Velásquez ◽

Mariluz Ortiz Uribe ◽

Camilo Andrés García Torres ◽

Andrés Rojas Jaramillo

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

Performance Enhancement ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Training Experience ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Warm Up ◽

Vertical Jumping ◽

Different Types ◽

Before And After

This study aimed to compare the effects of the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) of two different types of warm-ups, unilateral and bilateral, on the performance in vertical jumping and agility of healthy subjects with strength training experience. In the study, 17 subjects (12 men and 5 women) performed two different PAPE protocols: unilateral squat (UT) and bilateral squat (BT). The height of the subjects’ countermovement jump (CMJ) and the subjects’ time to perform the T-agility test (TAT) were measured before and after executing the PAPE warm-up. The squats were performed at a velocity of 0.59 m·s−1 with three sets of three repetitions, with a 3-min rest between sets and a 5-min rest after both uni-and bilateral PAPE warm-ups before taking the tests again. For statistical analysis, we applied ANOVA and calculated the effect size. The results showed that the PAPE for each case decreased the CMJ height but generated significant improvements in the total time taken for the T-agility test (p < 0.01); however, in both cases, the effect sizes were trivial. In conclusion, it is possible to observe that the PAPE, performed both unilaterally and bilaterally, negatively affects the performance in the vertical jump, showing moderate effect sizes. However, both PAPE protocols show performance benefits in agility tests, with a large effect size for the unilateral protocol and moderate for the bilateral protocol.

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PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT VIA WARM-UP WITH THE STRENGTH SHOE IN WOMEN'S TRACK AND FIELD

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1097/00005768-199905001-00374 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 31 (Supplement) ◽

pp. S105

Author(s):

W. A. Sands ◽

J. R. McNeal ◽

H. L. Henderson ◽

R. C. Poole

Keyword(s):

Performance Enhancement ◽

Track And Field ◽

Warm Up

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Effects of Warm up type on Baseball pitcher's Performance Enhancement

Sports Science ◽

10.46394/iss.39.2.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 49-54

Author(s):

Deuk-Su Park ◽

Il-su Kwon

Keyword(s):

Performance Enhancement ◽

Warm Up

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Post-activation performance enhancement of dynamic stretching and heavy load warm-up strategies in elite tennis players

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-191710 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Victor Moreno-Pérez ◽

Jose Luis Hernández-Davó ◽

Fabio Nakamura ◽

Álvaro López-Samanes ◽

Pedro Jiménez-Reyes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Performance Enhancement ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Heavy Load ◽

Warm Up ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Dynamic Stretching ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Hip Extension

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the potential post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects of two different warm-up strategies, involving dynamic stretching (DS) or heavy load leg press (HL) on several key physical qualities in tennis players. METHODS: Twenty-six elite male tennis players (age: 19.22 ± 4.20 years; body mass: 67.37 ± 8.19 kg; height: 1.77 ± 0.07 m) performed both warm-ups, with 48-hours between protocols (DS and HL), performed in a randomized order. Pre- and post-tests included: countermovement jump, 5-m and 10-m sprint, 5-0-5 agility test, and hip extension and flexion range-of-motion which were performed before and after DS and HL warm-up protocols. RESULTS: The DS warm-up led to substantial improvements in 5-m and 10-m sprint, 5-0-5 agility test, countermovement jump, and also to higher hip flexion range-of-motion. The HL warm-up caused impairments in 5-m and 10-m sprints, but improvements in 5-0-5 agility test, countermovement jump and hip extension range-of-motion. Compared to HL, DS warm-up induced possibly to likely positive effects on 5-m and 10-m linear sprint performance, as well as in hip flexion range-of-motion. Nevertheless, no differences in performance improvements in 5-0-5 agility test, countermovement jump and hip extension range-of-motion were found when comparing DS and HL warm-up protocols. CONCLUSION: DS seems to be more effective than HL when performing a short warm-up protocol in elite tennis players.

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