Training Load and Energy Expenditure during Military Basic Training Period

AbstractWe investigated the effectiveness of a short-duration training period including an overloaded (weeks 1 and 2) and a reduced training load period (weeks 3 and 4) on wellness, swimming performance and a perceived internal training load in eight high-level water-polo players preparing for play-offs. The internal training load was estimated daily using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session duration (session-RPE). Perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, muscle soreness, sleep quality, stress level and mood) were assessed daily. Swimming performance was evaluated through 400-m and 20-m tests performed before (baseline) and after the end of weeks 2 and 4. In weeks 3 and 4, the internal training load was reduced by 19.0 ± 3.8 and 36.0 ± 4.7%, respectively, compared to week 1 (p = 0.00). Wellness was improved in week 4 (20.4 ± 2.8 AU) compared to week 1 and week 2 by 16.0 ± 2.2 and 17.3 ± 2.9 AU, respectively (p =0.001). At the end of week 4, swimming performance at 400-m and 20-m tests (299.0 ± 10.2 and 10.2 ± 0.3 s) was improved compared to baseline values (301.4 ± 10.9 and 10.4 ± 0.4 s, p < 0.05) and the overloading training period (week 2; 302.9 ± 9.0 and 10.4 ± 0.4 s, p < 0.05). High correlations were observed between the percentage reduction of the internal training load from week 4 to week 1 (-25.3 ± 5.5%) and the respective changes in 20-m time (-2.1 ± 2.2%, r = 0.88, p < 0.01), fatigue perception (39.6 ± 27.1%), muscle soreness (32.5 ± 26.6%), stress levels (25.6 ± 15.1%) and the overall wellness scores (28.6 ± 21.9%, r = 0.74-0.79, p < 0.05). The reduction of the internal training load improved the overall perceived wellness and swimming performance of players. The aforementioned periodization approach may be an effective training strategy in the lead-up to play-off tournaments.

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Methods of Monitoring Training Load and Their Relationships to Changes in Fitness and Performance in Competitive Road Cyclists

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0454 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 668-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Dajo Sanders ◽

Grant Abt ◽

Matthijs K.C. Hesselink ◽

Tony Myers ◽

Ibrahim Akubat

Keyword(s):

Dose Response ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Data ◽

Training Period ◽

Competitive Cyclists ◽

Road Cyclists ◽

And Performance

Purpose:To assess the dose-response relationships between different training-load methods and aerobic fitness and performance in competitive road cyclists.Methods:Training data from 15 well-trained competitive cyclists were collected during a 10-wk (December–March) preseason training period. Before and after the training period, participants underwent a laboratory incremental exercise test with gas-exchange and lactate measures and a performance assessment using an 8-min time trial (8MT). Internal training load was calculated using Banister TRIMP, Edwards TRIMP, individualized TRIMP (iTRIMP), Lucia TRIMP (luTRIMP), and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). External load was measured using Training Stress Score (TSS).Results:Large to very large relationships (r = .54–.81) between training load and changes in submaximal fitness variables (power at 2 and 4 mmol/L) were observed for all training-load calculation methods. The strongest relationships with changes in aerobic fitness variables were observed for iTRIMP (r = .81 [95% CI .51–.93, r = .77 [95% CI .43–.92]) and TSS (r = .75 [95% CI .31–.93], r = .79 [95% CI .40–.94]). The strongest dose-response relationships with changes in the 8MT test were observed for iTRIMP (r = .63 [95% CI .17–.86]) and luTRIMP (r = .70 [95% CI .29–.89).Conclusions:Training-load quantification methods that integrate individual physiological characteristics have the strongest dose-response relationships, suggesting this to be an essential factor in the quantification of training load in cycling.

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Optimization of Technical Training of Ice-Hockey Players Aged 8–17 Years

Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences ◽

10.33607/bjshs.v2i89.155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (89) ◽

Author(s):

Gracijus Girdauskas ◽

Rimas Kazakevičius

Keyword(s):

Training Model ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Technical Training ◽

Training Period ◽

Basic Training ◽

Training Models ◽

Time Ratio ◽

Hockey Players ◽

Long Term Experiment

Research background and hypothesis. Training models in athlete training have already been determined by sport researchers (Hellard et al., 2006. The programme that has been developed and tested by one alternative experiment is targeted to optimize the purposeful technical training for 8–17-year-old ice hockey players. Research aim was to determine technical training models.Research methods. A long-term experiment of one alternative was carried out involving subjects from 8 to 18 years in 2000–2010. The programmes for technical training were developed with regard to the time ratio, measures taken and recommendations of foreign experts. Later the programmes have been adjusted to the results obtained. The following tests have been used for evaluation of the skating technique: to evaluate specific skills – forward and backward skating; to evaluate the puck control – manoeuvre skating driving the puck and without the puck. Research results. Analysis of the results in the initial training period shows that the greatest improvement in the results has been registered in manoeuvre skating driving the puck – 11.6%, and in backward skating – about 8%. A significant improvement in the results of the basic training period has been observed in backward skating – 7% as well as in 30 m standing skating – 6.3%. In the special training period a more marked increase in the results has been registered in backward skating – 5.2% as well as in 30 m standing skating – 3.8%. Discussion and conclusions. This is due to the lack of special skills and a complex biomechanical structure of the performance of the technical action. Sport performance was influenced by adolescent developmental patterns, and the optimal adjustment of the programme, taking into account the initial and basic training period analysis.Results of the present research allow us to conclude that 1) Athletes’ training programmes, taking into account the recommendations, were effective. 2) The greatest improvement in the results was registered within the 1 st and 2 nd stages of athletes’ training. We believe that this is due to a complex biomechanical structure of the performance of the technical action. After the improvement, the growth of the results slows down. 3) Time ratio for technical training is distributed in the following way: 1st stage – 55–53%, 2nd stage – 50–48% and 3rd stage – 47–44%.Keywords: technical training, manoeuvre skating, experimental programme, optimization of training, training model.

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Prioritizing interventions for preventing COVID-19 outbreaks in military basic training

10.1101/2021.11.28.21266969 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guido Felipe Camargo Espana ◽

Alex Perkins ◽

Simon Pollett ◽

Morgan Smith ◽

Sean M Moore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Test Results ◽

Basic Training ◽

High Coverage ◽

Agent Based ◽

False Positive Test ◽

Community Exposure ◽

Training Need ◽

Effective Transmission ◽

Transmission Blocking Vaccine ◽

Military Basic Training

Like other congregate living settings, military basic training has been subject to outbreaks of COVID-19. We sought to identify improved strategies for preventing outbreaks in this setting using an agent-based model of a hypothetical cohort of trainees on a U.S. Army post. Our analysis revealed unique aspects of basic training that require customized approaches to outbreak prevention, which draws attention to the possibility that customized approaches may be necessary in other settings, too. In particular, we showed that introductions by trainers and support staff may be a major vulnerability, given that those individuals remain at risk of community exposure throughout the training period. We also found that increased testing of trainees upon arrival could actually increase the risk of outbreaks, given the potential for false-positive test results to lead to susceptible individuals becoming infected in group isolation and seeding outbreaks in training units upon release. Until an effective transmission-blocking vaccine is adopted at high coverage by individuals involved with basic training, need will persist for non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent outbreaks in military basic training. Ongoing uncertainties about virus variants and breakthrough infections necessitate continued vigilance in this setting, even as vaccination coverage increases.

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Total Institutions

The Oxford Handbook of American Folklore and Folklife Studies ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190840617.013.31 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 668-688

Author(s):

Jay Mechling

Keyword(s):

Nursing Homes ◽

American Culture ◽

Social Needs ◽

Summer Camps ◽

Total Institution ◽

Religious Institutions ◽

Basic Training ◽

Folk Traditions ◽

Total Institutions ◽

Military Basic Training

In his 1961 book, Asylums, Goffman introduces the concept of the “total institution,” a formal institution in which the staff has near-total control of the lives of the “inmates,” including where and when they sleep, eat, and socialize. Typical total institutions in American culture include hospitals (mental and otherwise), prisons, military basic training camps, other isolated military settings (e.g., onboard ships), boarding schools, summer camps, nursing homes, and cloistered religious institutions. The fact that the control is “near-total” rather than total opens the possibility that the “inmates” or “residents” will create their own folk traditions, including oral, material, and customary folklore. The folk cultures of residents serve their psychological and social needs, and the folklore often centers on resistance against the regime of control and surveillance by the staff.

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HIIT Models in Addition to Training Load and Heart Rate Variability Are Related With Physiological and Performance Adaptations After 10-Weeks of Training in Young Futsal Players

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Fernando de Souza Campos ◽

Fernando Klitzke Borszcz ◽

Lucinar Jupir Forner Flores ◽

Lilian Keila Barazetti ◽

Anderson Santiago Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Young Male ◽

Interval Training ◽

Training Load ◽

Training Period ◽

Incremental Test ◽

Peak Speed ◽

Shuttle Run

IntroductionThe present study aimed to investigate the effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) shuttle-run-based models, over 10 weeks on aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular parameters, and the association of the training load and heart rate variability (HRV) with the change in the measures in young futsal players.MethodsEleven young male futsal players (age: 18.5 ± 1.1 years; body mass: 70.5 ± 5.7 kg) participated in this study. This pre-post study design was performed during a typical 10 weeks training period. HIIT sessions were conducted at 86% (HIIT86; n = 6) and 100% (HIIT100; n = 5) of peak speed of the FIET. Additionally, friendly and official matches, technical-tactical and strength-power training sessions were performed. Before and after the training period, all players performed the FIET, treadmill incremental, repeated sprint ability (RSA), sprint 15-m, and vertical jump tests (CMJ and SJ), and the HRV was measured. Training load (TL) was monitored using the session rating of perceived effort. Data analysis was carried out using Bayesian inference methods.ResultsThe HIIT86 model showed clear improvements for the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), peak speed in the treadmill incremental test, first and second ventilatory thresholds, RSA best and mean times, CMJ, and SJ. The HIIT100 model presented distinct advances in VO2peak, peak speed in the treadmill incremental test, RSA mean time, and CMJ. Between HIIT models comparisons showed more favorable probabilities of improvement for HIIT86 than HIIT100 model in all parameters. TL data and HIIT models strongly explained the changes in the RSA mean and best times (R2 = 0.71 and 0.87, respectively), as well as HRV changes, and HIIT models explained positively VO2peak changes (R2 = 0.72). All other changes in the parameters were low to moderately explained.ConclusionThe HIIT86 proved to be more effective for improving aerobic, RSA, and neuromuscular parameters than HIIT100 during a typical 10-week futsal training period. So, strength and conditioning specialists prescribing shuttle-run intermittent exercises at submaximal intensities can manage the individual acceleration load imposed on athlete increasing or decreasing either the set duration or the frequency of change of direction during HIIT programming.

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