scholarly journals Markets in China and Europe on the Eve of the Industrial Revolution

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1189-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol H Shiue ◽  
Wolfgang Keller
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Better Than

Why did Western Europe industrialize first? An influential view holds that its exceptionally well-functioning markets supported with a certain set of institutions provided the incentives to make investments needed to industrialize. This paper examines this hypothesis by comparing the actual performance of markets in terms of market integration in Western Europe and China, two regions that were relatively advanced in the preindustrial period, but would start to industrialize about 150 years apart. We find that the performance of markets in China and Western Europe overall was comparable in the late eighteenth century. Market performance in England was higher than in the Yangzi Delta, and markets in England also performed better than those in continental Western Europe. This suggests strong market performance may be necessary, but it is not sufficient for industrialization. Rather than being a key condition for subsequent growth, improvements in market performance and growth occurred simultaneously. (JEL N13, N15, O47)

William Wheelright and Early Steam Navigation in the Pacific 1820-1840

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland E. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Steam Engine ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Way

William Wheelwright, an American merchant-mariner and entrepreneur from Massachusetts, was the successful pioneer of commercial steam navigation in the Pacific in 1840 but, as is frequently the case, his predecessors prepared the way. Steam powered the Industrial Revolution from the late eighteenth century, and was soon applied to the movement of ships. Practical steam navigation on sheltered inland waters or open oceans depended upon James Watt's development of the steam engine from 1769 to 1782, including such improvements as the use of expansive steam, external condensers which reduced the loss of heat and power, and double-acting pistons. Inventors quickly adapted the new power mechanism to boats.

The Diary

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Stow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth

This chapter examines how Anna del Monte lived closed within ghetto walls; and like all other Jews in that city, she was constantly pressed to renounce Judaism and accept Christianity. Conversionary activities in Anna's day were intense and sometimes violent. She left a record of her experiences, which her brother Tranquillo del Monte heavily edited and began to circulate in a handwritten copy in 1793, years after Anna's death. This record, properly titled Anna's Ratto—her kidnapping, but often called her diary—furnishes unique testimony to Roman Jewry's late eighteenth-century plight. Through his correspondence with other Jewish communities, Tranquillo had learned of the enormous gap separating the increasingly desperate straits of Roman Jewry from the vast improvements in rights and civic standing recently won by the Jews of Western Europe and the new United States.

scholarly journals Lapidary Art of the Altai and the Urals of the Late 18th — 19th Centuries: The Russian Cultural Phenomenon and European Influence

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-303
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Borovkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
Ornamental Stone ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Stone Cutting ◽  
Cutting Production

The study of Russian stone-cutting art remains an important and urgent task of contemporary Russian art history. It is necessary to take a fresh look at this direction of Russian decorative art and find out whether Russian stone-cutting art is an internal phenomenon, or it is based on European borrowing. This article refers to works of stone-cutting enterprises of the Urals and the Altai, i. e. Yekaterinburg and Loktevsk Manufactories, which worked exclusively at the order of the Cabinet. In the late eighteenth century, there was a system for ordering stone products in Russia. To do this, they formed sets of “samples” of natural ornamental stone from Russian deposits and compiled albums of product projects. When sending an order to the factory, they attached a sketch and indicated the number of the stone which the product was to be made of. A complex analysis of Russian stone-cutting art testifies to the fact that it followed European fashion, traditions, and technology. European specialists were invited to Russia in order to organise stone-cutting production. Also, travellers brought elegant artworks made of decorative stone by European masters. By the late eighteenth century, stone-cutting production had come a much longer way in Western Europe than in Russia. The production of works of art made of stone was carried out in Italy, France, England, Sweden, and other European countries. Russian commissioners wanted to obtain similar items, and the masters imitated and reproduced European originals. When comparing designs of decorative vases, one can see an undoubted influence of European analogues. However, if there is an obvious similarity to their decorative design, Russian masters are characterised by the ability to reveal the unique aesthetic properties of the material. At the first stage, the influence of European masters was not to be argued, but later on, Russian stone-cutting art began to acquire its own unique features, although it developed along the lines of the dominating pan-European stylistic trends.

The Context

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Steven J. Osterlind
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Probability Estimation ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
In The Beginning

This chapter introduces the historical context that gives meaning to the contemporaneous developments in probability theory. It shows how one can only realize the true meaning of quantification by realizing how history set the context for the great number of mathematical developments. The period is defined as the “long century,” starting with the rise of the Enlightenment and lasting well into the age of the Industrial Revolution: roughly 1790 to 1920. Most of this relatively short chapter describes the main historical events that took place during the late-eighteenth century, throughout the nineteenth century, and in the beginning of the twentieth century. This chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book, in which those who invented probability theory and developed the methods of probability estimation will be examined within their historical context.

The Business of Invention in the Paris Industrial Exposition of 1806

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl M. Hafter
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Competitive Position ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
French Government ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth

In the late eighteenth century, the competitive position of French industry was seriously undermined by the sudden influx of inexpensive English goods—the products of the First Industrial Revolution. Responding to this challenge, French government officials established trade fairs—such as the Paris Industrial Exposition of 1806—to promote the introduction of commercially viable technologies. In this article, Professor Hafter takes a close look at this 1806 exposition. She discovers that, in addition to praising English-style machinery, the exposition's judges also praised traditional French production methods—a choice, she suggests, that reflected the uneven pattern of French industrialization.

scholarly journals KOREA: KLUCZ DALEKIEGO WSCHODU (1905) AND WACŁAW SIEROSZEWSKI’S VIEW OF KOREA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 127-146
Author(s):  
Yeong-Mi LEE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Western View ◽  
Better Than

The aim of this paper is to review Wacław C. Sieroszewski’s (1858-1945) view of Korea. He, well-known Polish writer, traveled to Korea, i. e., Daehan Empire (大韓帝國), in fall of 1903, and published Korea: Klucz Dalekiego Wschodu (1905). Considering that most of travelogues of Korea were written by American, British, French, and German, so-called “Western powers,” KKDW was a pretty valuable book.The author believes that Western view of Korea was notably changed around the late eighteenth century. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Europeans did not ignore or belittle Korea and Korean. They regarded Korea as a rich and well-systemized country, and Korean as an intelligent nation, although they had very little knowledge of Korea. On the other hand, generally speaking, they degraded Korea and Korean in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and Sieroszewski was one of them. Poland was one of the weakest countries in Europe, but his view was not different from that of American, British, French, and German authors.Sieroszewski was favorably impressed by Japan before he came to Korea in October, 1903, and, as a result, he constantly compared Korea and Japan. He even wrote that Japan was better than Europe in some ways. He truly believed that Japan was the only country to carry out a desirable reform for Korea. Meanwhile, he never approved the Russia’s imperialist ambition for Korea. He considered Japan as an agent of the West. In conclusion, his idea of Korea and the East was quite similar to that of other contemporary Western travelers.

Philosophical threads: natural philosophy and public experiment among the weavers of Spitalfields

1995 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Stewart ◽  
Paul Weindling
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Social Distinction ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Public World ◽  
Century Science

In the overwhelmingly public world of the twentieth century, science often seems simultaneously remote and ubiquitous. There are many complex reasons for this, of course, not the least being the capacity of technology for material transformation and the apparent inability of scientific discourse to communicate its practice to the unanointed. In some ways, our current predicament appears similar to that of the late eighteenth century when so many promises had already been made of what natural philosophy might accomplish, and when many clamoured for access to the power of natural philosophical practice. At that point, on the verge of the stunning dislocations of the industrial revolution, many of the literate and mechanical public took considerable steps to bridge the gap otherwise policed by social distinction.

Some Festival Programmes of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 3. Liverpool and Manchester

1969 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Brian Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Commercial Expansion

The three large-scale performances of oratorios which celebrated the openings of organs in St. Peter's Church, Liverpool on 30 April, 1 and 2 May 1766, in St. Thomas's, Liverpool on 7–10 August, 1770, and in St. John's, Manchester on 29–31 August 1770, were succeeded by a long-continued though at times irregular series of festivals at Liverpool and a somewhat shorter series at Manchester. These series, which established both places as the leading festival centres in northern England, appear closely related to Manchester's and Liverpool's late eighteenth-century industrial and commercial expansion. Indeed, they may well be placed among the cultural first-fruits of the Industrial Revolution and they almost certainly represent attempts to satisfy a growing desire for cultural standing and prestige among the rising generation of northern manufacturers. The re-establishment of the Liverpool festival on a triennial basis after 1823 (following a musically lean period during the French wars) and the two music-meetings held in Manchester in 1828 and 1836 formed part of a new wave of enthusiasm for festivals that swept over England in the peaceful and prosperous 1820s.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document