Wired and Hired: Employment Effects of Subsidized Broadband Internet for Low-Income Americans

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-482
Author(s):  
George W. Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Local Program ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Relationship

I present evidence on the relationship between broadband pricing and labor market outcomes for low-income individuals. Specifically, I estimate the effects of a Comcast service providing discounted broadband to qualifying low-income families. I use a triple differences strategy exploiting geographic variation in Comcast coverage, individual variation in eligibility, and temporal variation pre- and postlaunch. Local program availability increased employment rates and earnings of eligible individuals, driven by greater labor force participation and decreased probability of unemployment. Internet use increased substantially where the program was available. (JEL I32, J22, J31, L82, L86)

scholarly journals Immigration and economic mobility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria F. Hoen ◽  
Simen Markussen ◽  
Knut Røed
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Class Background ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Relative Prime

AbstractWe examine how immigration affects natives’ relative prime-age labor market outcomes by economic class background, with class background established on the basis of parents’ earnings rank. Exploiting alternative sources of variation in immigration patterns across time and space, we find that immigration from low-income countries reduces intergenerational mobility and thus steepens the social gradient in natives’ labor market outcomes, whereas immigration from high-income countries levels it. These findings are robust with respect to a wide range of identifying assumptions. The analysis is based on high-quality population-wide administrative data from Norway, which is one of the rich-world countries with the most rapid rise in the immigrant population share over the past two decades. Our findings suggest that immigration can explain a considerable part of the observed relative decline in economic performance among natives with a lower-class background.

scholarly journals Psychological Difficulties Mediate and Self-Efficacy Moderates the Relationship Between Family Cumulative Risk and Hope Among Chinese Children From Low-Income Families

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiayun Yin ◽  
Dongfang Wang ◽  
Zhihua Li ◽  
Yuesheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Ocean Effect ◽  
Psychological Difficulties ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Relationship

This longitudinal study investigated the role of psychological difficulties and self-efficacy in the relationship between family cumulative risk and hope among children from low-income families. The participants were 392 Chinese children from low-income families; the study extended for 2 years, and participants completed data that were collected with the following questionnaires: the Family Cumulative Risk Index, Children's Hope Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Difficulties subscale, and General Self-efficacy Scale. The results demonstrated that psychological difficulties played a mediating role in the relationship between family cumulative risk and hope; specifically, family cumulative risk predicted hope of children via psychological difficulties. Self-efficacy moderated the relationship between psychological difficulties and hope. This moderation supported “a drop in the ocean effect”; the protective effect of high self-efficacy worked only when psychological difficulties were at low levels. When psychological difficulties were at high levels, the buffering effect of self-efficacy on family cumulative risk was gradually weakened and eventually lost.

The Role of Broad-Based Employee Ownership Opportunities in Prisoner Reentry

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 424-429
Author(s):  
Robynn Cox
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Prisoner Reentry ◽  
Employee Ownership ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Formerly Incarcerated ◽  
Employee Stock Ownership ◽  
Stock Ownership Plans ◽  
Employee Stock Ownership Plans ◽  
The Relationship

This research investigates the relationship between Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) and criminal participation as measured by arrests, conviction, and incarceration among formerly incarcerated individuals. Using the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I find that formerly incarcerated individuals with ESOP employment are significantly less likely to be arrested, convicted, and incarcerated. This effect likely operates through improvement in labor market outcomes: formerly incarcerated ESOP employees earn approximately 25 percent more in annual income and work roughly 8.8 percent more hours per week than formerly incarcerated workers who are employed but not working for an ESOP firm.

scholarly journals Do Rising Top Income Shares Affect the Incomes or Earnings of Low and Middle-Income Families?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Thompson ◽  
Elias Leight
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract This paper uses US state panel data to explore the relationship between the share of income received by affluent households and the level of income and earnings received by low and middle-income families. A rising top share of income can potentially lead to increases in the incomes of low and middle-income families if economic growth is sufficiently responsive to increases in inequality. A substantial literature on the impacts of inequality on economic growth exists, but has failed to achieve consensus, with various studies finding positive impacts, negative impacts, and no impacts on growth from increased levels of income inequality. This paper departs from that literature by exploring the effect of inequality on the standard of living of middle-income and low-income families. In the context of rising inequality, increased overall growth is not necessarily a suitable proxy for overall standard of living, since growth patterns are not uniform for the entire income distribution. The results of this study indicate that increases in the top share of income (particularly the top one percent) are associated with declines in the actual incomes (and earnings) of middle income families, but have no clear impact on families at the bottom of the income distribution.

Immigration and Labor Market Outcomes in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-652
Author(s):  
Allen Hyde ◽  
Michael Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship

Two broad orientations have motivated scholarship on the relationship between immigration and labor market outcomes in the United States. The first, the supply-side perspective, often focuses on how immigration affects a variety of outcomes such as unemployment, casualization, and earnings inequality. The second, the demand-side perspective, generally contends that these labor market outcomes result mainly from economic restructuring that subsequently attracts immigrants to labor markets. Previous studies have often reached divergent conclusions due to differing assumptions about the direction of causality in these relationships. In this paper, we use three-stage least squares regression, a technique that allows for nonrecursive relationships, to adjudicate the direction of causality between immigration and labor market outcomes. Using 2010 data for 366 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas, we find support for the demand-side perspective, or that economic restructuring results in higher unemployment, casualization, and earnings inequality, which subsequently increases levels of immigration in metropolitan labor markets.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
Inas R. Kelly ◽  
John Komlos
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biological Outcomes

The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology introduces the scholarly community to the relationship between economic processes and human biology. A society’s biological well-being is important if one is to understand numerous aspects of political and economic developments: the outbreak of revolutions; the effect of industrialization and modernization on a population’s well-being; the demographic transition; and changes in the degree of social inequality by gender, social class, and geographic location. The contributions in this Handbook examine the various ways the economy affects human biological outcomes and, reciprocally, the impact of the latter on the former both over time and cross-sectionally. Another focus is on biological measures as inputs, such as how height and weight affect labor market outcomes and the role of genetic markers on economic variables. A third purpose is to introduce the reader to developmental aspects and policy, particularly correlates of malnutrition and poverty across the world.

scholarly journals Analysis of The Relationship among Macroeconomics, Monetary and Income Inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-442
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Taresh A. ◽  
Dyah Wulan Sari ◽  
Rudi Purwono
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Svar Model ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Credit Shocks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Auto Regression

Income inequality in Indonesia remains a controversial issue in the context of Indonesian macroeconomic condition that is evolving in output and government spending, and its increase in consumption accompanied by inflation and slowing of bank credit. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among macroeconomics, monetary and income inequality through a broad theoretical model by adopting a panel Structural Vector Auto-regression (SVAR) model to get more sample size during the period 2005-2018 at 33 provinces in Indonesia. The main results indicate that the variables of output and inflation have positive relationships. The relationship between output and income inequality is also significantly correlated, and those results supported by Kuznets's theory reveal that the relationship between economic growth and income inequality is positive in the short term. The relationship between inflation and income inequality is positive as well in Indonesia. This result is by the fact that low-income families are considered more vulnerable to inflation. The impact of non-food consumption shocks increases income inequality, while Indonesian government spending and bank credit shocks reduce income inequality. Then the response of savings and bank credit to the shock of income inequality is positive.

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