The role of the poultry industry on kidney and genitourinary health in Pakistan

Pakistan is experiencing a “double burden’’ of disease. Under-development is associated with illnesses like infections and nutritional deficiency, and is accompanied with diseases linked with development, such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer and chronic kidney disease. In Pakistan, renal and genitourinary diseases are an important, unaddressed health issues. Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a recognized form of renal failure in Pakistan. A possible cause of CKDu is toxins such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and other heavy metals associated with renal and genitourinary diseases. The poultry industry is an important source of both heavy metal toxins and also mycotoxins spread in the process of farming. Of the numerous mycotoxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin are well-known for their hazardous effects on genitourinary and renal parenchyma respectively. We reviewed the literature using PubMed and Google Scholar databases for levels of these toxins in various constituents of chicken farming like chicken feed, meat, litter and human drinking water contamination in various parts of the country. We found that these toxins are in higher levels than recommended. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.ICON-Suppl.1718 How to cite this:Imtiaz S, Alam A, Salman B. The role of the poultry industry on kidney and genitourinary health in Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. Special Supplement ICON 2020. 2020;36(1):S67-S74. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.ICON-Suppl.1718 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download Full-text

GENETIC KIDNEY DISEASES AS AN UNDERECOGNIZED CAUSE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: THE KEY ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL REGISTRY REPORTS

Clinical Kidney Journal ◽

10.1093/ckj/sfab056 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Roser Torra ◽

Mónica Furlano ◽

Alberto Ortiz ◽

Elisabet Ars

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Correct Treatment ◽

Monogenic Diseases ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Incorrect Diagnosis ◽

Kidney Replacement Therapy

Abstract Inherited kidney diseases (IKDs) are among the leading causes of early-onset chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are responsible for at least 10–15% of cases of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in adults. Pediatric nephrologists are very aware of the high prevalence of IKDs among their patients, but this is not the case for adult nephrologists. Recent publications have demonstrated that monogenic diseases account for a significant percentage of adult cases of CKD. A substantial number of these patients have received a non-specific/incorrect diagnosis or a diagnosis of CKD of unknown etiology, which precludes correct treatment, follow-up and genetic counseling. There are a number of reasons why genetic kidney diseases are difficult to diagnose in adulthood: a) adult nephrologists, in general, are not knowledgeable about IKDs, b) existence of atypical phenotypes, c) genetic testing is not universally available, d) family history is not always available or may be negative, e) lack of knowledge of various genotype–phenotype relationships, f) conflicting interpretation of the pathogenicity of many sequence variants.

Download Full-text

Increased level of organochlorine pesticides in chronic kidney disease patients of unknown etiology: Role of GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphism

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.029 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 96 ◽

pp. 174-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Manushi Siddarth ◽

Sudip K. Datta ◽

MD. Mustafa ◽

Rafat S. Ahmed ◽

Basu D. Banerjee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Organochlorine Pesticides ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Gstt1 Polymorphism

Download Full-text

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium in well water, rice, and human urine in Sri Lanka in relation to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2018.070 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 212-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

H. M. Ayala S. Herath ◽

Tomonori Kawakami ◽

Shiori Nagasawa ◽

Yuka Serikawa ◽

Ayuri Motoyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Human Urine ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Well Water ◽

Rice Samples ◽

Endemic Areas ◽

Cadmium Lead

Abstract Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is spreading gradually in Sri Lanka. In the current research, 1,435 well water samples from all 25 districts of Sri Lanka, 91 rice samples, and 84 human urine samples from both CKDu-endemic and non-endemic areas in Sri Lanka were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium to detect whether toxic elements could be a cause of CKDu. The liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) concentration and arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium concentrations of the urine samples were analyzed to determine the relation of L-FABP with arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium. High concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium were not detected in the well water samples from CKDu-endemic areas. Arsenic, cadmium, and lead contents in the rice samples from both CKDu-endemic and non-endemic areas were well below the Codex standard. There were no relationships between the L-FABP concentration and concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium in urine. In addition, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium concentrations in human urine samples from CKDu-endemic areas were not significantly different from those from non-endemic areas. These findings indicated that arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium could not cause CKDu.

Download Full-text

Potential effect of pharmaceutical care to improve outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder in Sulaimani dialysis centers

Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.32947/ajps.20.01.0442 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 82-94

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Pharmaceutical Care ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Care Group ◽

Mineral Bone Disorder ◽

Bone Disorder

Objective: the present study was aimed to evaluate the role of pharmaceutical services in improving the outcome of mineral bone disorder in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients with chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) screened for eligibility, seventy-six patients enrolled in the study and randomly allocated into two groups: pharmaceutical care and usual care, both groups interviewed by the pharmacist using specific questionnaire for assessing the quality of life (QoL). All the drug related problems (DRPs) including drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were recorded by the pharmacist. Blood samples were collected and utilized for analyzing the levels of vitamin D, phosphorous, calcium, albumin and parathyroid hormone at baseline and three months after. The pharmaceutical care group received all the educations about their medications and how to minimize DRPs; improve the QoL. Additionally, the pharmaceutical intervention included correcting the biochemical parameters. Results: Pharmaceutical care significantly improved patients QoL and minimized DRPs and DDIs. It was also effective in improving the biochemical parameters. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical care has a positive impact on improving the outcome of patients with CKD-MBD through attenuating DRPs, improving the biochemical parameters and the QoL.

Download Full-text