Association of Malassezia pachydermatis with the otitic and the normal ear canal of the dogs

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of M. pachydermatis in otitic and healthy ear canals of the dogs and to test the sensitivity of this microorganism to antifungal agents. A total of 180 swabs, 98 from otitic and 82 from clinically healthy dogs, were collected during the years 1998-2000 in Thessaloniki area (Greece). From all the swabs, smears for direct microscopic examination and inoculation on selective media for bacteria and fungi isolation were made. From the 90 M. pachydermatis isolates, 68 (69,38%) were made from infected and 32 (39,02%) from clinically healthy dogs. M. pachydermatiswas the sole isolate in 20 (20,39%) infected and in 12 (14,63%) non infected dogs. In 48 otitic and in 20 clinically healthy dogs, M. pachydermatis was associated with bacteria as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Streptococcus spp. and fungi as Candida spp. ana Aspergillus spp.. S. intermediuswas isolated from 13 infected and 20 non infected animals. A mixed bacterial flora was grown from 6 infected and 22 clinically healthy animals, respectively, while no growth of microorganisms from 11 otitic and 8 healthy dogs was observed. All Malassezia tested strains (46) were found sensitive to ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole and clotrimazole. Nystatin was found effective to 38 isolates and noneffective to 8.

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Antifungal Resistance Regarding Malassezia pachydermatis: Where Are We Now?

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof6020093 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 93

Author(s):

Andrea Peano ◽

Elizabeth Johnson ◽

Elisa Chiavassa ◽

Paolo Tizzani ◽

Jacques Guillot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Failure ◽

Antifungal Agents ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Antifungal Resistance ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Malassezia Pachydermatis ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Ear Canals

Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast inhabiting the skin and ear canals in healthy dogs. In the presence of various predisposing conditions it can cause otitis and dermatitis, which are treated with multiple antifungal agents, mainly azole derivatives. This manuscript aims to review the available evidence regarding the occurrence of resistance phenomena in this organism. Various findings support the capacity of M. pachydermatis for developing resistance. These include some reports of treatment failure in dogs, the reduced antifungal activity found against yeast isolates sampled from dogs with exposure to antifungal drugs and strains exposed to antifungal agents in vitro, and the description of resistance mechanisms. At the same time, the data reviewed may suggest that the development of resistance is a rare eventuality in canine practice. For example, only three publications describe confirmed cases of treatment failure due to antifungal resistance, and most claims of resistance made by past studies are based on interpretive breakpoints that lack sound support from the clinical perspective. However, it is possible that resistant cases are underreported in literature, perhaps due to the difficulty of obtaining a laboratory confirmation given that a standard procedure for susceptibility testing of M. pachydermatis is still unavailable. These considerations highlight the need for maintaining surveillance for the possible emergence of clinically relevant resistance, hopefully through a shared strategy put in place by the scientific community.

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Antifungal Effect of Selected Essential Oils on Malassezia pachydermatis Growth

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2018-0018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 67-72

Author(s):

P. Váczi ◽

E. Čonková ◽

D. Marcinčáková ◽

Z. Sihelská

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Malassezia Pachydermatis ◽

Antifungal Effect ◽

Tea Tree ◽

Significant Efficacy ◽

Interpretation Criterion ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Ear Canals

Abstract The antifungal activities of 14 selected essential oils (at the concentrations of 0.5 %, 5 %, and 30 %) against the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis (18 isolates and one reference strain) were investigated. The isolates of M. pachydermatis were obtained from swabs of external ear canals of healthy dogs using sterile swabs. The determination of the efficacy was based on a modified disc diffusion method (CLSI M44-A2). The best antifungal efficacy (100 %) was shown by clove, cinnamon and oregano at the concentration of 30 %; less significant efficacy was shown at the concentration of 5 % (38 %, 33 % and 5 %, respectively). Satureja inhibited the growth of Malassezia (efficacy of 16 %) only at the concentration of 30 %. Bergamot, lavender, juniper, cedar, sage, tea-tree, grapefruit, pine, chamomile and yarrow essential oils were not able to form inhibition zones as defined in the methodology used (greater or equal to 15 mm) in all concentrations used. Therefore, according to the interpretation criterion, they were considered ineffective. In all cases, the concentration of 0.5 % was not effective against the growth of Malassezia yeasts.

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In vitro combination of antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis

Medical Mycology ◽

10.1093/mmy/myy043 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 324-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karine B Schlemmer ◽

Francielli P K de Jesus ◽

Erico S Loreto ◽

Julia B Farias ◽

Sydney H Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Agents ◽

Malassezia Pachydermatis

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In-vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496), LY303366 and other antifungal agents against oral Candida spp. isolates from HIV-infected patients

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/44.5.697 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 697-700 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

M. Chávez ◽

S. Bernal ◽

A. Valverde ◽

M. J. Gutierrez ◽

G. Quindós ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Agents ◽

Vitro Activity ◽

In Vitro Activity ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Oral Candida

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Susceptibility variation of Malassezia pachydermatis to antifungal agents according to isolate source

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1590/s1517-83822013005000009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 175-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Caroline Borges Weiler ◽

Francielli Pantella Kunz de Jesus ◽

Graziela Habib Nardi ◽

Érico Silva Loreto ◽

Janio Morais Santurio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Agents ◽

Malassezia Pachydermatis

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EFICÁCIA DE SOLUÇÕES DESINFETANTES NA ELIMINAÇÃO DE FUNGOS DE IMPORTÂNCIA MÉDICA E VETERINÁRIA

Archives of Veterinary Science ◽

10.5380/avs.v18i1.26134 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Isabel Martins Madrid ◽

Alessandra Jacomelli Teles ◽

Rosema Santin ◽

Antonella Souza Mattei ◽

Angelita Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Malassezia Pachydermatis ◽

Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute ◽

Clinical Laboratory Standard

Programas de higiene e desinfecção são essenciais no controle ambiental de agentes fúngicos potencialmente patogênicos aos homens e animais, dessa forma objetivou-se avaliar a ação antifúngica do hipoclorito de sódio 4% e digluconato de clorexidina 6,6% em doze isolados fúngicos. Foram testados fungos isolados do ambiente e de casos clínicos como Aspergillus spp, Candida spp, Microsporum spp, Malassezia pachydermatis, Cryptococcus neoformans e Sporothrix schenckii. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de microdiluição em caldo e difusão em ágar conforme protocolos descritos pelo Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) com adaptações para agentes químicos. Todos os isolados foram sensíveis a concentrações inferiores a recomendada pelo fabricante do digluconato de clorexidina (6,6%) com CIM e CFM entre ≤0,42 a 1,68%. Para o hipoclorito de sódio, 58,3% dos isolados foram resistentes a concentração recomendada pelo fabricante (4%) apresentando CIM e CFM entre 2 e >8%. O digluconato de clorexidina apresentou maiores zonas de inibição do que o hipoclorito de sódio, com halos de até 31mm de diâmetro. A clorexidina demonstrou ação fungicida em baixas concentrações sendo eficaz na eliminação de fungos filamentosos e leveduriformes de importância médica e veterinária, enquanto o hipoclorito de sódio somente obteve esta ação em altas concentrações.

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Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. on Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus mutans and Candida spp.

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais ◽

10.1590/s1516-05722013000400002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 474-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

RBA Almeida ◽

G Akisue ◽

LML Cardoso ◽

JC Junqueira ◽

AO C Jorge

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Control Group ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Biofilm Growth ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Medicinal plants with fungicide action, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects are under investigation. The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. on strains of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus mutans and Candida spp. with planktonic and biofilm growth. To study the micro-organisms in planktonic cells, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by using 9 clinical strains for each species and 1 ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) from C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. mutans. In order to evaluate the effects of the essential oils on biofilms, strains of S. aureus (ATCC 6538), S. mutans (ATCC 35688) and C. albicans (ATCC 18804) were used. The biofilm was formed on acrylic resin discs with isolated micro-organisms or in associations. The number of colony-forming-units (CFU) obtained in each biofilm (CFU/ml) was submitted to Student's t statistical test. The results demonstrated that the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus showed microbiostatic and microbicidal activity against all tested strains. The average CFU/ml for the biofilm of S. aureus, S. mutans and C. albicans, whether isolated or in association, was lower in the group treated with essential oil than in the control group.

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Targeting Candida spp. to develop antifungal agents

Drug Discovery Today ◽

10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 802-814 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Tânia P. Salci ◽

Melyssa Negri ◽

Ana K.R. Abadio ◽

Terezinha I.E. Svidzinski ◽

Érika S. Kioshima

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Agents ◽

Candida Spp

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In vitro minocycline activity on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from chronic periodontitis patients

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242006000300004 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 202-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Luciana Fernandes de Oliveira ◽

Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge ◽

Silvana Soléo Ferreira dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Periodontal Pocket ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Systemic Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Chronic periodontitis is the most common type of periodontitis and it is associated with various species of microorganisms. Enteric rods, Pseudomonas, Staphyloccocus and Candida have been retrieved from periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontitis and correlated to cases of superinfection. Local or systemic antibiotic therapy is indicated to reinforce the effects of the conventional mechanical therapy. Minocycline has been suggested as one of the most effective drugs against periodontal pathogens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of minocycline on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from the periodontal pocket and the oral cavity of individuals with chronic periodontitis. Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (n = 25), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 25), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 9) and Candida spp. (n = 25) were included in the study. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of minocycline were determined using the Müeller-Hinton agar dilution method. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were the most sensitive to minocycline with a MIC of 8 µg/mL, followed by Enterobacteriaceae with a MIC of 16 µg/mL. The concentration of 16 µg/mL inhibited 96% of Candida spp. isolates. The MIC for 88.8% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 128 µg/mL. A concentration of 1,000 µg/mL was not enough to inhibit 100% of the tested isolates.

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