scholarly journals Associations of multidimensional temperament and character profiles with cognition and sensorimotor gating in individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: preliminary findings

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Chrysoula Zourakaki ◽  
Penny Karamaouna ◽  
Leda Karagiannopoulou ◽  
Stella Giakoumaki
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Acoustic Startle Reflex ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Attention Switching ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Self Transcendence

Cloninger’s biopsychological model for personality distinguishes between Temperament [Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance (HA), Reward Dependence (RD), Persistence (PS)], and Character [Self-Directedness (SD), Cooperativeness (CO), Self-Transcendence (ST)] traits. Cloninger has also described three sets of complex interactions among these traits, which can be summarized as a linked network of three cubes. Within each cube, the different combinations of the sub-dimensions formulate multidimensional profiles that describe personality more accurately compared with their individual constituents. The aim of the present study was to examine differences of these multidimensional profiles in cognitive functions and Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) in unaffected relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients and control individuals. We assessed 114 unaffected relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients and 122 controls for Temperament/Character traits, a wide range of cognitive functions, and PPI of the acoustic startle reflex. The relatives had higher Ηarm Avoidance and Self-Transcendence along with lower Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness scores as well as lower PPI and poorer cognition compared with controls. We also found a) unequal distribution of relatives and controls in several “disadvantageous” profiles associated with the schizophrenia-spectrum, b) the Schizotypal/Disorganized, Apathetic and Fragile profiles had poorer emotional decision making and attention switching, respectively, compared with their “advantageous” counterparts and c) the Adventurous, Independent, Bossy and Resilient profiles had higher PPI compared with their counterparts. These findings further highlight the significance of personality determinants of cognitive processes and have potential implications in early intervention programs in the schizophrenia-spectrum.

Ten-year course of cognition in first-episode non-affective psychosis patients: PAFIP cohort

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
José Manuel Rodríguez-Sánchez ◽  
Esther Setién-Suero ◽  
Paula Suárez-Pinilla ◽  
Jaqueline Mayoral Van Son ◽  
Javier Vázquez-Bourgon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Concomitant Factors

Abstract Background A large body of research states that cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is static. Nevertheless, most previous studies lack a control group or have small study samples or short follow-up periods. Method We aimed to address these limitations by studying a large epidemiological cohort of patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders and a comparable control sample for a 10-year period. Results Our results support the generalized stability of cognitive functions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders considering the entire group. However, the existence of a subgroup of patients characterized by deteriorating cognition and worse long-term clinical outcomes must be noted. Nevertheless, it was not possible to identify concomitant factors or predictors of deterioration (all Ps > 0.05). Conclusions Cognitive functions in schizophrenia spectrum disorder are stable; however, a subgroup of subjects that deteriorate can be characterized.

Disintegration as an Additional Trait in the Psychobiological Model of Personality

2016 ◽  
Vol 224 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana B. Lazarević ◽  
Michael Bošnjak ◽  
Goran Knežević ◽  
Boban Petrović ◽  
Danka Purić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sampling Variance ◽  
Theoretical Expectation ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Inverse Sampling ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Self Transcendence

Abstract. This meta-analytic study investigates the relations between Disintegration-like phenomena (i.e., various aspects of symptomatology with the prefix “schizo-,” both at the clinical and the subclinical level) and the traits of the Psychobiological Model of Personality (PBMP). The empirically based benchmark for assuming the distinctness of the trait Disintegration was .30. The sample included 26 manuscripts with 30 studies and 424 effect sizes. By computing inverse sampling variance weighted mean correlation coefficients under a random-effects assumption, the following associations were found between Disintegration and Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence: .23, .04, −.15, −.02, −.23, −.16, and .17, respectively. Two variables were found to moderate the Disintegration-Self-Transcendence correlation. Despite the theoretical expectation and some empirical evidence that Self-Transcendence (and other character traits) should capture variations in Disintegration-like phenomena, our results suggest that schizo-type phenomena are not adequately covered by the PBMP.

Prefrontal cognitive functions in stabilized first-episode patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A dissociation between dorsolateral and orbitofrontal functioning

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Rodríguez-Sánchez ◽  
Benedicto Crespo-Facorro ◽  
Rocío Perez Iglesias ◽  
César González-Blanch Bosch ◽  
Mario Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Orbitofrontal Functioning

Personality and Emotional Biases

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-161
Author(s):  
Sezen Güngör ◽  
Engin Demirel ◽  
Nihan Tomris Küçün
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Finance ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Four Temperaments

Over the past decades, Cloninger et al. have developed a biosocial model of personality based on four temperaments and three characteristics. This multidimensional psychobiological model of personality presents in the temperament and character inventory – revised (TCI-R) form. Temperament subscales are novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (P), and character subscales are self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (CO), and self-transcendence (ST). The study has been used in different disciplines of science, especially in psychology. Behavioral finance is one of these disciplines of science. TCI is frequently used, especially for investor biases. In this chapter, TCI is used to examine the relationship between investor biases and personality. The first three chapters are about personality. Personality, personality approaches, and personality measurement methods examined in these sections. In the fourth part, emotional biases in financial investment decisions searched. In the fifth part, literature studies showing the relationship between personality and financial decisions included. Finally, a field survey is conducted, and findings are revealed.

A general quantitative theory of personality development: Fundamentals of a self-organizing psychobiological complex

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Švrakić ◽  
Dragan M. Švrakić ◽  
C. Robert Cloninger
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive System ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Nonlinear Functions ◽  
Sociocultural Influences ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractA general theory of personality and its development is described in terms of four quantitative dimensions of temperament and three quantitative dimensions of character. The four temperament dimensions (harm avoidance, novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence) are moderately heritable, moderately stable throughout life, and invariant despite sociocultural influences. The three character dimensions (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) mature in a stepwise manner from early childhood throughout adulthood. Transitions between levels of maturity are nonlinear functions of temperament, specific genetic influences, social learning, and random life events. Personality development is quantitatively formulated in terms of nonlinear dynamics of a complex adaptive system. The psychosocial interpretation of personality as a fitness-optimizing process is described and illustrated in terms of available data about the development of different personality configurations. Several quantitative predictions of this theory of personality development are tested, including the sequence of emergence of the different character dimensions, individual differences in the development of stable temperament configurations, and the effects of sociocultural influences. The theoretical predictions agree with available empirical data and suggest many hypotheses for future developmental research, including etiological, dynamic, and therapeutic studies.

scholarly journals Cumulative incidence of mental disorders among offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder

2004 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura T. Niemi ◽  
Jaana M. Suvisaari ◽  
Jari K. Haukka ◽  
Gunnel Wrede ◽  
Jouko K. Lönnqvist
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Axis I Disorders ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

BackgroundThe Helsinki High-Risk Study follows up all women born between 1916 and 1948 and treated for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in psychiatric hospitals in Helsinki, their offspring born between 1960 and 1964, and controls.AimsTo determine the cumulative incidence of adulthood Axis I disorders among offspring.MethodUsing all hospital and out-patient treatment records we rediagnosed parents and offspring according to DSM– IV-TR criteria. Offspring were grouped by mother's diagnosis (schizophrenia n = 104, schizoaffective disorder n=20, other schizophrenia-spectrum disorder n=30, and affective disorder n=25) and compared with a control group (n = 176). The cumulative incidences of Axis I disorders among offspring were calculated.ResultsThe cumulative incidences of any psychotic disorder were 13.5%, 10.0%, 10.0%, 4.0% and 1.1% among offspring of mothers with schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder, other schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, affective disorders and controls, respectively. The corresponding figures for schizophrenia were 6.7%, 5.0%, 6.7%, 0% and 0.6%, and for any mental disorder 23.1%, 20.0%, 20.0%, 12.0% and 6.9%.ConclusionsOffspring of mothers with a psychotic disorder have heightened risk of developing a wide range of severe mental disorders.

scholarly journals Comprehensive meta-analysis of associations between temperament and character traits in Cloninger’s psychobiological theory and mental disorders

2022 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 030006052110707
Author(s):  
Saeid Komasi ◽  
Farzin Rezaei ◽  
Azad Hemmati ◽  
Khaled Rahmani ◽  
Federico Amianto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Mean Differences

Objective To explore the relationship between temperament and character traits in Cloninger’s psychobiological theory and mental disorders. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted of five international databases for all articles published in English between January 1990 and April 2019 (PROSPERO-CRD42019133214). Owing to heterogeneity, pooled estimates of correlations for personality disorders and standardized mean differences for case–control studies related to other mental disorders were calculated using the random-effects method. Results The pooled effect sizes obtained from 149 studies showed that high harm avoidance (related to 22/24 diagnostic categories), low self-directedness (21/23), low cooperativeness (17/23), high self-transcendence (14/23), low reward dependence (11/24), high novelty-seeking (10/24), low novelty-seeking (7/24), high persistence (2/23), low persistence (2/23) and high reward dependence (2/24) were related to psychopathology. Conclusions All traits provided unique psychobiological tools for differential diagnosis of mental disorders. However, high harm avoidance and low self-directedness played a canonical role in psychopathology. Despite the study limitations, additional studies are warranted to evaluate the differential diagnoses suggested by the present model.

Age and Sex Differences in Temperament and Character Dimensions in a French Nonclinical Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Calvet ◽  
Marion Péricaud ◽  
Matthieu Parneix ◽  
Adrien Jouette ◽  
Magali Bricaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Sample ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Reward Dependence ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract. The authors examined age and sex trends on the seven dimensions and 25 facets assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) collected between 2006 and 2014. This cross-sectional study sought to better understand personality differences according to age and sex cohorts in a French nonclinical community sample (1,181 participants). Our results show significant differences in age groups in Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Harm Avoidance, and Self-Transcendence. Women scored higher than men in Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Cooperativeness. Men between 18 and 29 years old reported higher Novelty Seeking whereas older women had higher Harm Avoidance. Among all the dimensions of the TCI, only Self-Directedness presents a consistent Gender × Age interaction. Our study confirmed that there were personality-specific features in men and women. In addition, there were personality changes with age in both temperament and character dimensions. Our research highlighted the need to take into account both age and gender of subjects in the future analyses and interpretations of findings from the temperament and character inventories.

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