scholarly journals The World Bank & financing tuberculosis control, 1986-2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Manveer Rahi ◽  
Genevie Fernandes ◽  
Janelle Winters ◽  
Devi Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Database ◽  
Public Partnerships

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is among the leading contributors to global mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases and has had a major socioeconomic cost in recent history. The World Bank is a leading institution for global health governance and financing, but little research has concentrated on the role of the World Bank in global tuberculosis control. Methods: We tracked the development of the World Bank’s policies and associated financial flows for tuberculosis control. First, we performed a scoping review of both published and grey literature. Second, we used the Bank’s Projects & Operations database to construct a dataset of all World Bank projects with funding allocated to the “Tuberculosis” theme from 1986 to 2017.  Finally, we analysed the World Bank’s funding patterns alongside wider funding for tuberculosis using the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Development Assistance for Health database. Results: We identified four periods in the World Bank’s involvement in global tuberculosis control, from the recognition of tuberculosis as a global health issue to the creation of a global coalition against tuberculosis. Between 1986 and 2017 the World Bank undertook 79 projects with financing from its core lending divisions with a tuberculosis control theme or focus. Within the 79 projects the Bank committed 19.6% of funding, or $0.9bn, towards tuberculosis control. The World Bank has been involved in increasingly vertical programming with a growing proportion of project funding invested into tuberculosis control over time. However, after the formation of private-public partnerships against tuberculosis in 2002 such as the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria, the Bank’s core financing decreased and private-public partnerships provided increasing levels of substitutive financing for tuberculosis control. Conclusions: The World Bank has been pivotal in leading global financing, garnering advocacy and creating widespread coalition in the battle against tuberculosis control in recent decades.

scholarly journals The World Bank & financing tuberculosis control, 1986-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Manveer Rahi ◽  
Genevie Fernandes ◽  
Janelle Winters ◽  
Devi Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Database ◽  
Public Partnerships

Background: Tuberculosis is among the leading contributors to global mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases and has had a major socioeconomic cost in recent history. The World Bank is a leading institution for global health governance and financing, but little research has concentrated on the role of the World Bank in global tuberculosis control. Methods: We tracked the development of the World Bank’s policies and associated financial flows for tuberculosis control. First, we performed a scoping review of both published and grey literature. Second, we used the World Bank’s Projects & Operations database to construct a dataset of all World Bank projects with funding allocated to the “Tuberculosis” theme from 1986 to 2017.  Finally, we analysed the World Bank’s funding patterns alongside wider funding for tuberculosis using the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Development Assistance for Health database. Results: We identified four periods in the World Bank’s involvement in global tuberculosis control, from the recognition of tuberculosis as a global health issue to the creation of a global coalition against tuberculosis. Between 1986 and 2017 the World Bank undertook 79 projects with financing from its core lending divisions with a tuberculosis control theme or focus. Within the 79 projects, the World Bank committed 19.6% of funding, or $0.9bn, towards tuberculosis control. The World Bank has invested significantly into Direct Observation of Treatment, Short-course chemotherapy (DOTS). After the formation of private-public partnerships against tuberculosis in 2002 such as the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria, the World Bank’s core financing decreased and private-public partnerships provided increasing levels of substitutive financing for tuberculosis control. Conclusions: The World Bank has been pivotal in leading global financing, garnering advocacy and creating widespread coalition in the battle against tuberculosis control in recent decades.

scholarly journals Mainstreaming as rhetoric or reality? Gender and global health at the World Bank

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle Winters ◽  
Genevie Fernandes ◽  
Lauren McGivern ◽  
Devi Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Policies

Background:Over the past decade gender mainstreaming has gained visibility at global health organisations. The World Bank, one of the largest funders of global health activities, released twoWorld Development Reportsshowcasing its gender policies, and recently announced a $1 billion initiative for women’s entrepreneurship. We summarise the development of the Bank’s gender policies and analyse its financing of gender projects in the health sector. This article is intended to provide background for future research on the Bank’s gender and global health portfolio.Methods:First, we constructed a timeline of the Bank’s gender policy development, through a review of published articles, grey literature, and Bank documents and reports. Second, we performed a health-focused analysis of publicly available Bank gender project databases, to track its financing of health sector projects with a gender ‘theme’ from 1985-2017.Results:The Bank’s gender policy developed through four major phases from 1972-2017: ‘women in development’ (WID), institutionalisation of WID, gender mainstreaming, and gender equality through ‘smart economics’. In the more inclusive Bank project database, projects with a gender theme comprised between 1.3% (1985-1989) and 6.2% (2010-2016) of all Bank commitments.  Most funding targeted middle-income countries and particular health themes, including communicable diseases and health systems. Major gender-related trust funds were absent from both databases. The Bank reports that 98% of its lending is ‘gender informed’, which indicates that the gender theme used in its publicly available project databases is poorly aligned with its criteria for gender informed projects.Conclusion:The Bank focused most of its health sector gender projects on women’s and girls’ issues. It is increasingly embracing private sector financing of its gender activities, which may impact its poverty alleviation agenda. Measuring the success of gender mainstreaming in global health will require the Bank to release more information about its gender indicators and projects.

scholarly journals Mainstreaming as rhetoric or reality? Gender and global health at the World Bank

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Janelle Winters ◽  
Genevie Fernandes ◽  
Lauren McGivern ◽  
Devi Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Policies

Background:Over the past decade gender mainstreaming has gained visibility at global health organisations. The World Bank, one of the largest funders of global health activities, released twoWorld Development Reportsshowcasing its gender policies, and recently announced a $1 billion initiative for women’s entrepreneurship. However, the development of the Bank’s gender policies and its financing for gender programmes have never been systematically analysed by external researchers in the context of global health. We use the Bank as a case study of how global health organisations frame their gender policies and measure their success.Methods:We constructed a timeline of the Bank’s governance of gender, through a review of published articles, grey literature, and Bank documents and reports. Additionally, we performed the first health-focused analysis of two publicly available Bank gender project databases, and tracked the Bank's financing of gender projects in the health sector from 1985-2017.Results:The Bank’s gender policy developed through four major phases from 1972-2017: ‘women in development’ (WID), institutionalisation of WID, gender mainstreaming, and gender equality through ‘smart economics’. In the more inclusive of the two Bank project databases, gender projects comprised between 1.3% (1985-1989) and 6.2% (2010-2016) of all Bank commitments, which is significantly less than the Bank’s claim that 98% of its lending is gender informed. Most funding targeted middle-income countries and particular themes, including communicable diseases and health systems. Major gender-related trust funds were absent from both databases.Conclusion:The Bank focused most of its health sector gender projects on women’s and girls’ issues. It is increasingly embracing private sector financing of its gender activities, which may impact its poverty alleviation agenda. Measuring the success of gender mainstreaming in global health will require the Bank and global health organisations to reconsider their use of gender indicators.

scholarly journals Madagascar’s rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) stocks as a political challenge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick O. Waeber ◽  
Derek Schuurman ◽  
Lucienne Wilmé
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Forest Governance ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

Background. Malagasy rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) has attracted international attention for centuries due to the high quality and intense coloration of the wood. Rosewood was sourced from the time of the colonial era during the early 20th century. Extraction continued after the country’s independence in 1960. The sourcing of rosewood—almost exclusively from protected areas— escalated to unprecedented levels during the 2000s, which coincided with the political crisis from 2009–2013. It continues unabated. Following pressure by the international community and spearheaded by the World Bank, the Malagasy government started to confiscate and stockpile the precious timber. In 2013, all 45 Malagasy rosewood species were uplifted to CITES Appendix II. In June 2018 the stockpiles were the subject of an internationally-attended workshop in Antananarivo, facilitated by the World Bank. Survey methods. The focus of this study is the period from 2009 to the present. Based on structured literature review and grey literature, we examine the forest governance context, analyse ongoing deforestation, and look at how traders continue to take advantage of ‘loopholes’ created by a combination of semantics and the lack of taxonomic knowledge about the target genera. Results. In this paper we provide an update surrounding the confiscated Malagasy rosewood stocks. With presidential elections scheduled for November and December 2018, we examine plans under way to sell off at least some of the stocks. Forest governance mechanisms are complicated and management is rendered all the more difficult by a lack of technical, human and financial resources. Deforestation remains unchecked, with 2017 levels having been the worst during the past decade. Since 1982, the trading of rosewood has spiked significantly prior to presidential elections. Additionally, corruption escalated during recent years. Conclusions. We argue that, in order to ensure increased transparency and reduce the risk of corruption, the best option to deal with the rosewood stocks, is to hold off on any plans to sell the stocks until such time that uplifting the status of CITES- listed species to Appendix I, has been achieved so as to ensure that the proper mechanisms are put in place to handle the stocks.

scholarly journals Metric partnerships: global burden of disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Marlee Tichenor ◽  
Devi Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

The global burden of disease study—which has been affiliated with the World Bank and the World Health Organisation (WHO) and is now housed in the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)—has become a very important tool to global health governance since it was first published in the 1993 World Development Report. In this article, based on literature review of primary and secondary sources as well as field notes from public events, we present first a summary of the origins and evolution of the GBD over the past 25 years. We then analyse two illustrative examples of estimates and the ways in which they gloss over the assumptions and knowledge gaps in their production, highlighting the importance of historical context by country and by disease in the quality of health data. Finally, we delve into the question of the end users of these estimates and the tensions that lie at the heart of producing estimates of local, national, and global burdens of disease. These tensions bring to light the different institutional ethics and motivations of IHME, WHO, and the World Bank, and they draw our attention to the importance of estimate methodologies in representing problems and their solutions in global health. With the rise in the investment in and the power of global health estimates, the question of representing global health problems becomes ever more entangled in decisions made about how to adjust reported numbers and to evolving statistical science. Ultimately, more work needs to be done to create evidence that is relevant and meaningful on country and district levels, which means shifting resources and support for quantitative—and qualitative—data production, analysis, and synthesis to countries that are the targeted beneficiaries of such global health estimates.

scholarly journals Metric partnerships: global burden of disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlee Tichenor ◽  
Devi Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

The global burden of disease study—which has been affiliated with the World Bank and the World Health Organisation (WHO) and is now housed in the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)—has become a very important tool to global health governance since it was first published in the 1993 World Development Report. In this article, based on literature review of primary and secondary sources as well as field notes from public events, we present first a summary of the origins and evolution of the GBD over the past 25 years. We then analyse two illustrative examples of estimates and the ways in which they gloss over the assumptions and knowledge gaps in their production, highlighting the importance of historical context by country and by disease in the quality of health data. Finally, we delve into the question of the end users of these estimates and the tensions that lie at the heart of producing estimates of local, national, and global burdens of disease. These tensions bring to light the different institutional ethics and motivations of IHME, WHO, and the World Bank, and they draw our attention to the importance of estimate methodologies in representing problems and their solutions in global health. With the rise in the investment in and the power of global health estimates, the question of representing global health problems becomes ever more entangled in decisions made about how to adjust reported numbers and to evolving statistical science. Ultimately, more work needs to be done to create evidence that is relevant and meaningful on country and district levels, which means shifting resources and support for quantitative—and qualitative—data production, analysis, and synthesis to countries that are the targeted beneficiaries of such global health estimates.

The World Bank

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusra Ribhi Shawar ◽  
Jennifer Prah Ruger
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Internal Constraints ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Universal Health ◽  
Do So

The World Bank, one of the largest global health funders, continues to deny a formal legal obligation for human rights. Internal constraints limit the Bank’s ability to do so, since its Articles of Agreement explicitly forbid it from interfering in a country’s internal political affairs, making it unclear whether human rights risk management is within the institution’s mandate. This stands in contrast to the institution’s commitment to human rights, as reflected in its commitment to helping countries achieve universal health coverage and in its “twin goals” of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity, which fundamentally contribute to the realization of social and economic rights. This chapter analyzes the ways in which rights-based discourse has evolved in the Bank’s global health policies and practices and identifies the institutional factors that have shaped its consideration of human rights.

scholarly journals Global health governance and the World Bank

The Lancet ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 370 (9597) ◽  
pp. 1471-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Prah Ruger
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Global Health Governance ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World
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