Effect of Randomly Interesterified Triacylglycerol Containing Medium- and Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation after a Single Administration to Rats

The influence of macronutrient content of a meal on postprandial fatty acid oxidation was investigated in 13 Caucasian males after consumption of a high-fat (HF) breakfast (33% carbohydrate, 52% fat, 15% protein) and after an equicaloric high-carbohydrate (HC) breakfast (78% carbohydrate, 6% fat, 15% protein). The HF breakfast contained short- and medium-chain fatty acids, as well as long-chain fatty acids. Respiratory quotient (RQ) and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were measured during the 3 h after the meal as indicators of whole body substrate oxidation and hepatic fatty acid oxidation, respectively. Plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and lactate were also determined because of their relationship to nutrient utilization. RQ was significantly lower and plasma BHB was higher after the HF breakfast than after the HC breakfast, implying that more fat is burned in general and specifically in the liver after an HF meal. As expected, plasma FFA and triglycerides were higher after the HF meal, and insulin and lactate were higher after the HC meal. In sum, oxidation of ingested fat occurred in response to a single HF meal.

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Effects of Dietary Anaplerotic Carbon Sources and Ketogenic Fatty Acids on Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation in Neonatal Pigs

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.653.10 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Jinan Zhao ◽

Brandon Pike ◽

Yong Zhang ◽

Sean Sabin ◽

Andrew Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Neonatal Pigs ◽

Hepatic Fatty Acid ◽

Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation

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Drug triggered pruritus, rash, papules, and blisters – is AGEP a clash of an altered sphingolipid-metabolism and lysosomotropism of drugs accumulating in the skin?

Lipids in Health and Disease ◽

10.1186/s12944-021-01552-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Markus Blaess ◽

Lars Kaiser ◽

Oliver Sommerfeld ◽

René Csuk ◽

Hans-Peter Deigner

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Uv Radiation ◽

Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Mitochondrial Fatty Acid ◽

The Individual ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractRash, photosensitivity, erythema multiforme, and the acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) are relatively uncommon adverse reactions of drugs. To date, the etiology is not well understood and individual susceptibility still remains unknown. Amiodarone, chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, and trimipramine are classified lysosomotropic as well as photosensitizing, however, they fail to trigger rash and pruritic papules in all individuals. Lysosomotropism is a common charcteristic of various drugs, but independent of individuals. There is evidence that the individual ability to respond to external oxidative stress is crosslinked with the elongation of long-chain fatty acids to very long-chain fatty acids by ELOVLs. ELOVL6 and ELOVL7 are sensitive to ROS induced depletion of cellular NADPH and insufficient regeneration via the pentose phosphate pathway and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Deficiency of NADPH in presence of lysosomotropic drugs promotes the synthesis of C16-ceramide in lysosomes and may contribute to emerging pruritic papules of AGEP. However, independently from a lysosomomotropic drug, severe depletion of ATP and NAD(P)H, e.g., by UV radiation or a potent photosensitizer can trigger likewise the collapse of the lysosomal transmembrane proton gradient resulting in lysosomal C16-ceramide synthesis and pruritic papules. This kind of papules are equally present in polymorphous light eruption (PMLE/PLE) and acne aestivalis (Mallorca acne). The suggested model of a compartmentalized ceramide metabolism provides a more sophisticated explanation of cutaneous drug adverse effects and the individual sensitivity to UV radiation. Parameters such as pKa and ClogP of the triggering drug, cutaneous fatty acid profile, and ceramide profile enables new concepts in risk assessment and scoring of AGEP as well as prophylaxis outcome.

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Hepatic Peroxisomal Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Is Regulated by Liver X Receptor α

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2005-0591 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 146 (12) ◽

pp. 5380-5387 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Tonghuan Hu ◽

Patricia Foxworthy ◽

Angela Siesky ◽

James V. Ficorilli ◽

Hong Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Liver Steatosis ◽

Liver X Receptor ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Lxr Agonists ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Peroxisomes are the exclusive site for the β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids of more than 20 carbons in length (VLCFAs). Although the bulk of dietary long-chain fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria, VLCFAs cannot be catabolized in mitochondria and must be shortened first by peroxisomal β-oxidation. The regulation of peroxisomal, mitochondrial, and microsomal fatty acid oxidation systems in liver is mediated principally by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). In this study we provide evidence that the liver X receptor (LXR) regulates the expression of the genetic program for peroxisomal β-oxidation in liver. The genes encoding the three enzymes of the classic peroxisomal β-oxidation cycle, acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) oxidase, enoyl-CoA hydratase/L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, are activated by the LXR ligand, T0901317. Accordingly, administration of T0901317 in mice promoted a dose-dependent and greater than 2-fold increase in the rate of peroxisomal β-oxidation in the liver. The LXR effect is independent of PPARα, because T0901317-induced peroxisomal β-oxidation in the liver of PPARα-null mice. Interestingly, T0901317-induced peroxisomal β-oxidation is dependent on the LXRα isoform, but not the LXRβ isoform. We propose that induction of peroxisomal β-oxidation by LXR agonists may serve as a counterregulatory mechanism for responding to the hypertriglyceridemia and liver steatosis that is promoted by potent LXR agonists in vivo; however, additional studies are warranted.

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Effect of Randomly Interesterified Triacylglycerols Containing Medium- and Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Energy Expenditure and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism in Rats

Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1271/bbb.69.1811 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

pp. 1811-1818 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Hisami SHINOHARA ◽

Akiko OGAWA ◽

Michio KASAI ◽

Toshiaki AOYAMA

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Hepatic Fatty Acid ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

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Differential Effects of Fatty Acid Saturation and Chain Length on NASH in Juvenile Iberian Pigs

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa050_005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 682-682 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kayla Dillard ◽

Morgan Coffin ◽

Gabriella Hernandez ◽

Victoria Smith ◽

Catherine Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Liver Injury ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the major cause of pediatric chronic liver pathology in the United States. The objective of this study was to compare the relative effect of inclusion of isocaloric amounts of saturated medium-chain fatty acids (hydrogenated coconut oil), saturated long-chain fatty acids (lard) and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (olive oil) on endpoints of NAFLD and insulin resistance. Methods Thirty-eight 15-d-old Iberian pigs were fed 1 of 4 diets containing (g/kg body weight × d) 1) control (CON; n = 8): 0 g fructose, 10.5 g fat, and 187 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), 2) lard (LAR; n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 17.1 g fat (100% lard) and 299 kcal ME, 3) hydrogenated coconut oil (COCO; n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 16.9 g fat (42.5% lard and 57.5% coconut oil) and 299 kcal ME, and 4) olive oil (OLV, n = 10): 21.6 g fructose, 17.1 g fat (43.5% lard and 56.5% olive oil) and 299 kcal ME, for 9 consecutive weeks. Body weight was recorded every 3 d. Serum markers of liver injury and dyslipidemia were measured on d 60 at 2 h post feeding, with all other serum measures assessed on d 70. Liver tissue was collected on d 70 for histology, triacylglyceride (TG) quantification, and metabolomics analysis. Results Tissue histology indicated the presence of steatosis in LAR, COCO and OLV compared with CON (P ≤ 0.001), with a further increase in in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in OLV and COCO compared with LAR (P ≤ 0.01). Alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were higher in COCO and OLV (P ≤ 0.01) than CON. All treatment groups had lower liver concentrations of methyl donor's choline and betaine versus CON, while bile acids were differentially changed (P ≤ 0.05). COCO had higher levels of TGs with less carbons (Total carbons < 52) than all other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Several long-chain acylcarnitines involved in fat oxidation were higher in OLV versus all other groups (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Inclusion of fats enriched in medium-chain saturated and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in a high-fructose high-fat diet increased liver injury, compared with fats with a long-chain saturated fatty acid profile. Further research is required to investigate the mechanisms causing this difference in physiological response to these dietary fat sources. Funding Sources ARI, AcornSeekers.

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