Seed propagation of filbert

10.12737/2173 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Лоай ◽  
Sahib Radi Alrmashdi Loay
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Germination Energy ◽  
Seed Propagation ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The studies found that the most promising is the autumn sowing with pre stratification within 30 days. This provides greater germination energy and output of seedlings for 1 ha and plants have maximum increase in height. In the average 3-year greatest output of standard seedlings compared with the control was in the autumn sowing after 30 days of pre-stratification of seeds and it was 377, 7 thousand units from 1 ha. Also, studies have shown that in the autumn seeds sowing output of standard seedlings is in 1.5…1.7 times higher than during the spring sowing. Obtained materials were processed statistically, which increases their reliability.

The effects of sowing time, sowing technique and grazing on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) establishment

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Charles ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
AC Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
New South ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Aerial Seeding ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The effects of sowing time (autumn and spring) and technique (conventional cultivation, inverted T direct drill, triple disc direct drill and aerial seeding), on the establishment of tall fescue into a weed infested pasture on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales were examined. A pre-sowing herbicide treatment was included in the 2 direct drilling treatments, and heavy pre-sowing grazing was used in the autumn sowing. The design used 38 plots of 0.12 ha, analysed as 2 separate, complete block experiments, with some common treatments. Tall fescue establishment, 120 days after the autumn sowing, averaged 48 seedlingslm2 on the inverted T treatment (16% establishment). Establishment was improved by 63%, to 78 seedlings/m2, with herbicide and 46%, to 70 seedlings/m2, by heavy grazing. These effects were additive, giving 105 seedlings/m2 for the combined treatments. Only 52 seedlings/m2 established on the triple disc treatment with heavy grazing and herbicide, while establishment on the cultivated seedbed was not different from the inverted T (93 seedlings/m2). There was no establishment after the aerial seeding at either sowing. Fescue establishment showed the same trends in the spring sowing, with 140 seedlings/m2 on the inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide, which was higher than the establishment of 107 seedlings/m2 on the cultivated seedbed. The fescue yield, 18 months after the autumn sowing, was highest in the autumn sown, inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide and heavy grazing (123 kg/ha). In the spring sowing, fescue was recorded only on the cultivated treatment (84 kg/ha) and on the inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide (39 kg/ha). These results show that tall fescue can be re-established into weed dominated pastures on the Northern Tablelands with direct drilling, in either autumn or spring, and that heavy, pre-sowing grazing and herbicide increase fescue establishment.

The effect of sowing time, sowing technique and post-sowing weed competition on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) seedling establishment

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Charles ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
AC Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The effects of sowing time (autumn and spring), sowing technique (conventional cultivation, inverted T direct drill, triple disc direct drill and aerial sowing) and post-sowing weed competition on the establishment of tall fescue were assessed at a field site on the Northern Tablelands of N.S.W. Weed competition [principally Vulpia rnyuros (L.) Gmel.] was removed by pre-sowing herbicide and post-sowing weed control treatments of 0, 30, 60 or 90 days duration. The seedling emergence percentage was monitored until 9 months after the autumn sowing and plots were harvested 9 and 18 months after the autumn sowing. Tall fescue establishment averaged 46 seedlings m-2 from the spring sowing, successful establishment of 15% of viable seed, and 3.5 times better than for the autumn sowing. Eighteen months after sowing, the average dry matter yield of fescue was 960 kg ha-1 for the spring sowing, 33% higher than for the autumn sowing. Aerial sowing resulted in less than 3% establishment at either sowing time. The establishment from the direct drilling machines were equal to that of the cultivated seedbed in the autumn sowing (16 seedlings m-1). In the spring sowing, 79 seedlings m-2 established from the inverted T sowing technique, 43% more than for the cultivated seedbed, and 115% more than for the triple disc. Fourteen months after the spring sowing, post-sowing weed control had reduced the yield of the unsown species 82% on average, and increased the yield of tall fescue by 11956, but had no effect on the final number of established fescue plants. These results show the potential for the establishment of tall fescue on the Northern Tablelands from direct drilling in spring, avoiding many of the problems currently associated with establishment from conventional cultivation in autumn.

Establishing winterfat in prairie restorations in Saskatchewan

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Romo
Keyword(s):  
Planting Date ◽  
Prairie Restoration ◽  
Krascheninnikovia Lanata ◽  
Ceratoides Lanata ◽  
Prairie Restorations ◽  
Native Shrubs ◽  
Mixed Prairie ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The importance of native shrubs in the Northern Mixed Prairie of Canada has generally been overlooked; however, restoration specialists have recognized the importance of including shrubs in prairie restorations. Emergence and establishment of winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A. D. J. Meeuse & Smit), a palatable and long-lived shrub, was evaluated in relation to planting time and seedbed preparation in swards of native grasses that had been seeded on previously cultivated cropland in the prairie ecozone of southern Saskatchewan. Diaspores of winterfat were broadcast at 20 m-2 in autumn or spring on upland and lowland sites in seedbed treatments including (1) a control or undisturbed sward, (2) mowing the sward to a 15-cm height, (3) haying, (4) glyphosate application after haying and, (5) tillage. Emergence of winterfat on upland and lowland sites was about three-fold greater with autumn than with spring planting (P < 0.01). Winterfat establishment on upland sites was affected by the interacting influences of planting times and seedbed treatments (P = 0.01), with most winterfat establishing from autumn sowing in the glyphosate and tillage treatments (2.1 and 2.2 plants m-2, respectively). Establishment of 0.9 plants m-2 from autumn planting was greater (P < 0.01) than the 0.1 plants m-2 establishing from spring sowing on lowland sites. The interaction of planting date and seedbed treatment on lowland sites did not influence winterfat establishment (P = 0.06) nor did seedbed treatments (P = 0.07). Winterfat should be planted in late autumn as opposed to spring. Key words: Ceratoides lanata, Eurotia lanata, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Northern Mixed Prairie, restoration

Evaluation of six chickpea varieties for seed yield under autumn and spring sowing

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. ILIADIS
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Flowering Duration ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Cent Increase ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The possibility of increasing seed yield in chickpeas was studied by changing sowing time from spring to autumn in an experiment conducted in central Greece over 4 years. Six chickpea varieties, two susceptible to Ascochyta blight and Sclerotinia diseases and four resistant, were evaluated in two sowing seasons (autumn and spring).Results showed that autumn sowing in comparison with spring influenced reproductive and growth periods of the varieties as follows: advanced initiation of flowering (April instead of May), increased flowering duration of the varieties from 7 to 13 days and advanced time for harvest, on average up to 4 days when an exceptionally rainy spring prevailed and up to 30 days when exceptionally dry. Due to the above changes induced by autumn sowing, varieties yielded on average from 23–188% (655–1015 kg/ha) more than if they were sown in spring. The largest per cent increase was observed during the year with the driest spring and the smallest during the year with the wettest spring. The two susceptible varieties ‘Thiva’ and ‘Gravia’ when infected by Ascochyta blight and Sclerotinia diseases in autumn sowing, had yields similar to the spring sowing. However, during the years without infection these two varieties yielded more in autumn sowing.

Autumn sowing of facultative triticale results in higher biomass production and nitrogen uptake compared to spring sowing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Lukas J. Koppensteiner ◽  
Katharina Obermayer-Böhm ◽  
Rea M. Hall ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Helmut Wagentristl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

scholarly journals Autumn sowing and first-year mowing enhance flowering species abundance and diversity in wildflower strips

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Julien Piqueray ◽  
Valentin Gilliaux ◽  
Bernard Bodson ◽  
Grégory Mahy
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
First Year ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
Wildflower Strips ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Sowing Period ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

Description of the subject. Wildflower strips are used to provide flower resources for insects in agroecosystems. There is a need to determine implementation processes that maximize the development of the sown flowering species. Objectives. To determine the effect of i) sowing period (autumn and spring) and ii) early cutting of annuals during the first growing season on the development of the sown perennial species. Method. We surveyed species development during three years (2012-2014) in 24 plots in an experimental wildflower strip. Plots were sown either in autumn or in spring, and received or not an early cutting management in 2012. Results. Sown species were favored by autumn sowing. A few species did better after spring sowing. Two years later (2014), early cutting management enhanced sown flowering species abundance and diversity in case of spring sowing only. Conclusions. Studying implementation and management protocols is of first importance to improve the efficiency of wildflower strips. We recommend autumn sowing as a first approach, and mowing aimed at controlling annuals in the first year after sowing.

An evaluation of the potential benefits and costs of autumn-sown sugarbeet in NW Europe

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. JAGGARD ◽  
A. R. WERKER
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Nw Europe ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

In NW Europe a major limitation to the yield of sugarbeet is development of the foliage canopy in May and June, too late to capture much of the available solar energy. This problem could be solved if the crop was sown during autumn so that the seedlings survived the winter and developed a large leaf canopy in early spring. This has led to a search for mechanisms to control flowering so that plants remain vegetative after the winter. However, there has been no serious attempt to estimate the effect of advanced canopy development on the likelihood of water stress. This study has used a combination of modelling of growth to predict yield of rainfed crops and an analysis of the literature to examine the likely consequences for pest and disease incidence if autumn sowing could be achieved without bolters. Compared to spring sowing, a potential yield advantage averaging 26% could be achieved, but this is likely to be overturned by any one of several beet-specific pathogens. For example, beet yellows virus would become more difficult to control and this has the potential to halve yield. Downy and powdery mildew and beet cyst nematode would be more expensive to control. The change from spring to autumn sowing would not allow harvest to be significantly earlier; this would be prevented by dry, strong soil conditions. Nevertheless, the increased emphasis on autumn work on arable farms would be costly.

Sowing sugar beet in autumn in England

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Wood ◽  
R. K. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Radiation Incident ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

SUMMARYExperiments in England from 1970 to 1973 investigated the possibility of extending the growing season and increasing yields of bolting resistant sugar beet by sowing in autumn rather than in spring. September-sown plants grew rapidly in spring and achieved a complete leaf cover by mid-June by which time they had intercepted 40 % of radiation incident since mid-April compared with 28 and 9% for crops sown on 13 October and 13 April respectively. By early June autumn-sown plants were 20 fold heavier than spring sown but this advantage was progressively lost with the onset of bolting. Root growth slowed as assimilates were diverted to stem and inflorescence growth. Delaying autumn sowing from late September until mid-October delayed and reduced the frequency of bolting, probably because of a shortening of the period when plants were sufficiently large to respond to cold. Cutting down bolting inflorescences at frequent intervals improved root growth of both bolters and non-bolters. However, yields from autumn sowing never exceeded those from spring sowing, the best yield from an autumn-sown crop was 6·1 t/ha of sugar which was similar to that of the spring-sown crop. To try to prevent bolting of overwintered plants the growth regulator ethephon was applied at 10000 mg a.i./l water sufficient to wet the foliage in mid-April. Growth was severely checked and 55 % of plants died. Of the remainder 25–30% fewer than in the untreated crop bolted but yields were 26–42 % less. Less concentrated doses of ethephon did not affect bolting.

Differentiation and evolution among geographic and seasonal eco-populations of soybean germplasm in Southern China

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Zhang ◽  
Weiying Zeng ◽  
Zhaoyan Cai ◽  
Zhenguang Lai ◽  
Yanzhu Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Geographic Differentiation ◽  
Soybean Germplasm ◽  
Thermal Changes ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Sample Set ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Simple Sequence ◽  
Autumn Sowing

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) germplasm in Southern China is extremely diverse. In order to explore the differentiation and evolution among geographic sowing-seasonal ecotypes of the Southern China Soybean Germplasm Population (SCSGP), we tested a sample set of accessions comprising 359 of the spring-sowing (SP) ecotype and 341 of the summer–autumn-sowing (SA) ecotype for their flowering date and sensitivity to seasonal photo-thermal changes in Nanning, Guangxi, China. The sample set and another 175 wild annual accessions were genotyped with 60 representative simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The SCSGP is characterised by its geographic differentiation (four geo-regional ecotypes), especially its sowing-seasonal differentiation (SA and SP ecotypes), and their combinations (eight geo-seasonal eco-populations). The ecological differentiation coincided with genetic differentiation in terms of allele richness and genetic distance. Neighbour-joining clustering among accessions by using SSRs indicated SA varieties to be the primitive ecotype relative to SP. The SA ecotype of Eco-region III (SA-III) was the most primitive among the eight geo-seasonal eco-populations, from which evolved SA-IV, and then SA-VI and SA-V. The SP ecotype was mainly evolved from its older SA counterpart, starting from SP-III emerging from SA-III accompanied by its introduction to Eco-region IV and other boarder regions. The evolutionary relationship among the geo-seasonal eco-populations was validated further with the analysis of multi-population specific-present alleles, which supports the hypothesis of Southern China origin of cultivated soybeans.

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