Sowing sugar beet in autumn in England

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Wood ◽  
R. K. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Radiation Incident ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

SUMMARYExperiments in England from 1970 to 1973 investigated the possibility of extending the growing season and increasing yields of bolting resistant sugar beet by sowing in autumn rather than in spring. September-sown plants grew rapidly in spring and achieved a complete leaf cover by mid-June by which time they had intercepted 40 % of radiation incident since mid-April compared with 28 and 9% for crops sown on 13 October and 13 April respectively. By early June autumn-sown plants were 20 fold heavier than spring sown but this advantage was progressively lost with the onset of bolting. Root growth slowed as assimilates were diverted to stem and inflorescence growth. Delaying autumn sowing from late September until mid-October delayed and reduced the frequency of bolting, probably because of a shortening of the period when plants were sufficiently large to respond to cold. Cutting down bolting inflorescences at frequent intervals improved root growth of both bolters and non-bolters. However, yields from autumn sowing never exceeded those from spring sowing, the best yield from an autumn-sown crop was 6·1 t/ha of sugar which was similar to that of the spring-sown crop. To try to prevent bolting of overwintered plants the growth regulator ethephon was applied at 10000 mg a.i./l water sufficient to wet the foliage in mid-April. Growth was severely checked and 55 % of plants died. Of the remainder 25–30% fewer than in the untreated crop bolted but yields were 26–42 % less. Less concentrated doses of ethephon did not affect bolting.

The effects of sowing time, sowing technique and grazing on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) establishment

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Charles ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
AC Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
New South ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Aerial Seeding ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The effects of sowing time (autumn and spring) and technique (conventional cultivation, inverted T direct drill, triple disc direct drill and aerial seeding), on the establishment of tall fescue into a weed infested pasture on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales were examined. A pre-sowing herbicide treatment was included in the 2 direct drilling treatments, and heavy pre-sowing grazing was used in the autumn sowing. The design used 38 plots of 0.12 ha, analysed as 2 separate, complete block experiments, with some common treatments. Tall fescue establishment, 120 days after the autumn sowing, averaged 48 seedlingslm2 on the inverted T treatment (16% establishment). Establishment was improved by 63%, to 78 seedlings/m2, with herbicide and 46%, to 70 seedlings/m2, by heavy grazing. These effects were additive, giving 105 seedlings/m2 for the combined treatments. Only 52 seedlings/m2 established on the triple disc treatment with heavy grazing and herbicide, while establishment on the cultivated seedbed was not different from the inverted T (93 seedlings/m2). There was no establishment after the aerial seeding at either sowing. Fescue establishment showed the same trends in the spring sowing, with 140 seedlings/m2 on the inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide, which was higher than the establishment of 107 seedlings/m2 on the cultivated seedbed. The fescue yield, 18 months after the autumn sowing, was highest in the autumn sown, inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide and heavy grazing (123 kg/ha). In the spring sowing, fescue was recorded only on the cultivated treatment (84 kg/ha) and on the inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide (39 kg/ha). These results show that tall fescue can be re-established into weed dominated pastures on the Northern Tablelands with direct drilling, in either autumn or spring, and that heavy, pre-sowing grazing and herbicide increase fescue establishment.

scholarly journals Yield of winter rapes seeds on optimization of individual elements of growing technology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bakhmat ◽  
◽  
I. Sendetskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Winter Rape ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
Winter Rapeseed

The results of researches of influence of ways of application of growth regulator "Vermiyodis" and sowing norms on productivity of winter rape of Cheremosh and hybrid Mercedes are covered. The study was performed during 2017-2020 on sod-podzolic soils of the experimental field of the Carpathian State Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of NAAS Taking into account the yield, it was found that the pre-sowing treatment of winter rapeseed Cheremosh with growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at a dose of 5 l / ha on average for 2017-2020 at sowing rates of 0.6 million / ha of similar seeds, the yield was 3.60 t / ha or 0.26 t / ha more than control, for sowing rates 0.8 million / ha of similar seeds - 3.92 t / ha or 0.21 t / ha more than control, for sowing rates 1.0 million / ha of similar seeds - 3.46 t / ha or 0.23 t / ha more than control. With a single spraying of winter oilseed rape plants during the growing season with the growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at a dose of 4 l / ha at sowing rates of 0.6 million / ha of similar seeds, the yield was 3.62 t / ha or 0.28 t / ha more control, with at the sowing rate of 0.8 million / ha of similar seeds, the yield was 3.94 t / ha or 0.33 t / ha more than the control, at the sowing rate of 1.0 million / ha of similar seeds, the yield was 3.48 t / ha or 0.25 t / ha more than control. In the variants where pre-sowing treatment of rapeseed seeds of winter hybrid Mercedes with growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at a dose of 5 l / t and during the growing season was carried out a single spraying of plants with growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at a dose of 4 l / ha at seeding rates of 0.6 million / ha similar seeds yield was 3.73 t / ha or 0.39 t / ha more than control, at sowing rates of 0.8 million / ha of similar seeds - 4.07 t / ha or 0.46 t / ha more than control, at sowing rates of 1.0 million / ha of similar seeds - 3.62 t / ha or 0.39 t / ha more than control. Double spraying of rapeseed plants of the winter hybrid Mercedes during the growing season of plants with the growth regulator "Vermiyodis" at a dose of 4 l / ha at sowing rates of 0.6 million / ha of similar seeds, the yield was 3.82 t / ha or 0.48 t / ha more control, for sowing rates of 0.8 million / ha of similar seeds - 4.15 t / ha or 0.54 t / ha more than control, for sowing rates of 1.0 million / ha of similar seeds - 3.68 t / ha or 0.45 t / ha more than control. In the variants where pre-sowing treatment of Cheremosh winter rape seeds with Vermiyodis growth regulator was carried out at a dose of 5 l / t and during the growing season, plants were sprayed with Vermiyodis growth regulator at a dose of 4 l / ha at sowing rates of 0.6 million / ha of similar seeds. yield was 3.91 t / ha or 0.57 t / ha more than control, for sowing rates of 0.8 million / ha of similar seeds - 4.24 t / ha or 0.63 t / ha more than control, for norms sowing 1.0 million / ha of similar seeds - 3.77 t / ha or 0.50 t / ha more than control.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of copper supply on growth and development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of severe and moderate copper deficiency on the development of leaves and lateral branches, on the distribution of dry weight within the plant, and on seed yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were assessed as part of three glasshouse experiments. Copper deficiency markedly depressed top and root growth without producing any distinctive symptoms. It retarded phasic development by delaying development of leaves and lateral branches, senescence of plant parts, and flowering: it also depressed the proportion of stem plus petiole in plant tops and decreased internode elongation, pollen fertility and the number of burrs and seeds formed. As a result of its effect in delaying flowering, copper deficiency would depress seed production particularly strongly when low soil water supply shortens the growing season. The need for suitable procedures for diagnosing copper deficiency is emphasized by the lack of specific plant symptoms in this species.

Effect of time of sowing on flowering and growth of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis)

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mannetje L t ◽  
KHLvan Bennekom
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Maturity Type ◽  
Townsville Stylo ◽  
Late Start ◽  
Spring Sowing

A midseason maturity type of Townsville stylo sown at monthly intervals throughout a year in a glasshouse in Brisbane (27�30' south) started flowering from 42 to 76 days after sowing between February and September, with dry matter yields at flowering ranging from 0.05 to 5.82 g/per plant. Sowings between October and January resulted in flowering after 98 to 157 days, with yields ranging from 26.41 to 54.75 g/per plant. Flowering was mainly determined by daylength, although low temperatures during winter delayed inflorescence elongation. Growth after onset of flowering was measured in plants sown in winter, spring and late summer. Plant weights increased after flowering in all sowings. In the spring sowing this consisted entirely of stem and inflorescence, but in the other sowings leaf was formed after onset of flowering as well. Winter and spring sowings gave the highest, late summer sowing the lowest final yields. The main agronomic implication is that sowing early in the growing season is necessary for obtaining a good first year's yield, but that seed production is little affected by sowing date, ensuring good regeneration even in years with a late start of the growing season.

Here comes the flood! Stress effects of continuous and interval waterlogging periods during the growing season on Scots pine saplings

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 869-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Domisch ◽  
Ji Qian ◽  
Izabela Sondej ◽  
Françoise Martz ◽  
Tarja Lehto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Survival Probability ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Short Term

Abstract Future climate scenarios for the boreal zone project increasing temperatures and precipitation, as well as extreme weather events such as heavy rain during the growing season. This can result in more frequent short-term waterlogging (WL) leading to unfavorable conditions for tree roots. In addition, it is decisive whether short-term WL periods during the growing season occur continuously or periodically. We assessed the effects of short-termed WL on 4-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings after shoot elongation started. Waterlogging (WL) lasted either continuously for 2.5 weeks (ContWL) or noncontinuously for 5 weeks, consisting of three repeated 1-week-interval WL periods (IntWL). Both treatments resulted in the same duration of soil anoxia. We studied soil gases, root and shoot growth and physiology, and root survival probability and longevity during the experiment. In the final harvest, we determined shoot and root biomass and hydraulic conductance and electrical impedance spectra of the root systems. Soil CO2 and CH4 concentrations increased immediately after WL onset and O2 decreased until anoxia. Waterlogging decreased fine root survival probability, but there was no difference between WL treatments. Shoot growth suffered more from ContWL and root growth more from IntWL. Needle concentrations of pinitol increased in the WL saplings, indicating stress. No WL effects were observed in photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. Increased starch concentration in needles by WL may be due to damaged roots and thus a missing belowground sink. Electrical impedance indicated suffering of WL saplings, although root hydraulic conductance did not differ between the treatments. Oxidative stress of short-term and interval WL can have long-lasting effects on shoot and root growth and the physiology of Scots pine. We conclude that even short-term WL during the growing season is a stress factor, which will probably increase in the future and can affect carbon allocation and dynamics in boreal forests.

scholarly journals Peatland warming strongly increases fine-root growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17627-17634
Author(s):  
Avni Malhotra ◽  
Deanne J. Brice ◽  
Joanne Childs ◽  
Jake D. Graham ◽  
Erik A. Hobbie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Climate Change Responses ◽  
Fine Root Growth ◽  
Root Response ◽  
Root Responses ◽  
Northern Peatlands

Belowground climate change responses remain a key unknown in the Earth system. Plant fine-root response is especially important to understand because fine roots respond quickly to environmental change, are responsible for nutrient and water uptake, and influence carbon cycling. However, fine-root responses to climate change are poorly constrained, especially in northern peatlands, which contain up to two-thirds of the world’s soil carbon. We present fine-root responses to warming between +2 °C and 9 °C above ambient conditions in a whole-ecosystem peatland experiment. Warming strongly increased fine-root growth by over an order of magnitude in the warmest treatment, with stronger responses in shrubs than in trees or graminoids. In the first year of treatment, the control (+0 °C) shrub fine-root growth of 0.9 km m−2y−1increased linearly by 1.2 km m−2y−1(130%) for every degree increase in soil temperature. An extended belowground growing season accounted for 20% of this dramatic increase. In the second growing season of treatment, the shrub warming response rate increased to 2.54 km m−2°C−1. Soil moisture was negatively correlated with fine-root growth, highlighting that drying of these typically water-saturated ecosystems can fuel a surprising burst in shrub belowground productivity, one possible mechanism explaining the “shrubification” of northern peatlands in response to global change. This previously unrecognized mechanism sheds light on how peatland fine-root response to warming and drying could be strong and rapid, with consequences for the belowground growing season duration, microtopography, vegetation composition, and ultimately, carbon function of these globally relevant carbon sinks.

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