Differentiation and evolution among geographic and seasonal eco-populations of soybean germplasm in Southern China

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Zhang ◽  
Weiying Zeng ◽  
Zhaoyan Cai ◽  
Zhenguang Lai ◽  
Yanzhu Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Geographic Differentiation ◽  
Soybean Germplasm ◽  
Thermal Changes ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Sample Set ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Simple Sequence ◽  
Autumn Sowing

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) germplasm in Southern China is extremely diverse. In order to explore the differentiation and evolution among geographic sowing-seasonal ecotypes of the Southern China Soybean Germplasm Population (SCSGP), we tested a sample set of accessions comprising 359 of the spring-sowing (SP) ecotype and 341 of the summer–autumn-sowing (SA) ecotype for their flowering date and sensitivity to seasonal photo-thermal changes in Nanning, Guangxi, China. The sample set and another 175 wild annual accessions were genotyped with 60 representative simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The SCSGP is characterised by its geographic differentiation (four geo-regional ecotypes), especially its sowing-seasonal differentiation (SA and SP ecotypes), and their combinations (eight geo-seasonal eco-populations). The ecological differentiation coincided with genetic differentiation in terms of allele richness and genetic distance. Neighbour-joining clustering among accessions by using SSRs indicated SA varieties to be the primitive ecotype relative to SP. The SA ecotype of Eco-region III (SA-III) was the most primitive among the eight geo-seasonal eco-populations, from which evolved SA-IV, and then SA-VI and SA-V. The SP ecotype was mainly evolved from its older SA counterpart, starting from SP-III emerging from SA-III accompanied by its introduction to Eco-region IV and other boarder regions. The evolutionary relationship among the geo-seasonal eco-populations was validated further with the analysis of multi-population specific-present alleles, which supports the hypothesis of Southern China origin of cultivated soybeans.

The effects of sowing time, sowing technique and grazing on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) establishment

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Charles ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
AC Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
New South ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Aerial Seeding ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The effects of sowing time (autumn and spring) and technique (conventional cultivation, inverted T direct drill, triple disc direct drill and aerial seeding), on the establishment of tall fescue into a weed infested pasture on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales were examined. A pre-sowing herbicide treatment was included in the 2 direct drilling treatments, and heavy pre-sowing grazing was used in the autumn sowing. The design used 38 plots of 0.12 ha, analysed as 2 separate, complete block experiments, with some common treatments. Tall fescue establishment, 120 days after the autumn sowing, averaged 48 seedlingslm2 on the inverted T treatment (16% establishment). Establishment was improved by 63%, to 78 seedlings/m2, with herbicide and 46%, to 70 seedlings/m2, by heavy grazing. These effects were additive, giving 105 seedlings/m2 for the combined treatments. Only 52 seedlings/m2 established on the triple disc treatment with heavy grazing and herbicide, while establishment on the cultivated seedbed was not different from the inverted T (93 seedlings/m2). There was no establishment after the aerial seeding at either sowing. Fescue establishment showed the same trends in the spring sowing, with 140 seedlings/m2 on the inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide, which was higher than the establishment of 107 seedlings/m2 on the cultivated seedbed. The fescue yield, 18 months after the autumn sowing, was highest in the autumn sown, inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide and heavy grazing (123 kg/ha). In the spring sowing, fescue was recorded only on the cultivated treatment (84 kg/ha) and on the inverted T treatment with pre-sowing herbicide (39 kg/ha). These results show that tall fescue can be re-established into weed dominated pastures on the Northern Tablelands with direct drilling, in either autumn or spring, and that heavy, pre-sowing grazing and herbicide increase fescue establishment.

scholarly journals A study of the genetic diversity in the world soybean collection using microsatellite markers associated with fungal disease resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
A. K. Zatybekov ◽  
Y. T. Turuspekov ◽  
B. N. Doszhanova ◽  
S. I. Abugalieva
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Fungal Disease Resistance ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Purple Seed Stain ◽  
Simple Sequence

Background. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) gradually becomes one of the leading legume crops in Kazakhstan. The area under soybeans in the country has been increasing annually and requires the development of adapted cultivars with a higher yield, improved quality characters, and resistance to emerging fungal diseases. The enlargement of the crop’s gene pool also suggests the need to study and document local soybean accessions to meet the standards of the available world soybean collection by using reliable and informative types of DNA markers.Materials and methods. In this study, the soybean collection consisting of 288 accessions from different countries, including 36 cultivars and promising lines from Kazakhstan, was studied. The molecular genetic analysis was performed using nine polymorphic SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers, seven of which (Satt244, Satt565, Satt038, Satt309, Satt371, Satt570 and Sat_308) were associated with resistance to three main fungal diseases of soybean – frogeye leaf spot, fusarium root rot, and purple seed stain.Results. The average PIC (polymorphism information content) value of the analyzed SSR markers constituted 0.66 ± 0.07, confirming their highlevel polymorphism. The principal coordinate analysis suggested that the local accessions were genetically most close to the accessions from East Asia. As the collection showed a robust resistance to three studied fungal diseases in Almaty Region during 2018–2019, the distribution of the studied SSR markers in the population was not significantly associated with resistance to the analyzed diseases under field conditions.Conclusion. SSR genotyping of the soybean collection helped to identify accessions that potentially possess resistance-associated alleles of fungal disease resistance genes. The data obtained can be further used for the development of DNA documentation and the breeding the promising cultivars and lines of soybean. 

scholarly journals Comparison of Whole Plastome Sequences between Thermogenic Skunk Cabbage Symplocarpus renifolius and Nonthermogenic S. nipponicus (Orontioideae; Araceae) in East Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seon-Hee Kim ◽  
JiYoung Yang ◽  
Jongsun Park ◽  
Takayuki Yamada ◽  
Masayuki Maki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spot ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Complete Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Noncoding Regions ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Skunk Cabbage ◽  
Basal Position ◽  
Simple Sequence

Symplocarpus, a skunk cabbage genus, includes two sister groups, which are drastically different in life history traits and thermogenesis, as follows: The nonthermogenic summer flowering S. nipponicus and thermogenic early spring flowering S. renifolius. Although the molecular basis of thermogenesis and complete chloroplast genome (plastome) of thermogenic S. renifolius have been well characterized, very little is known for that of S. nipponicus. We sequenced the complete plastomes of S. nipponicus sampled from Japan and Korea and compared them with that of S. renifolius sampled from Korea. The nonthermogenic S. nipponicus plastomes from Japan and Korea had 158,322 and 158,508 base pairs, respectively, which were slightly shorter than the thermogenic plastome of S. renifolius. No structural or content rearrangements between the species pairs were found. Six highly variable noncoding regions (psbC/trnS, petA/psbJ, trnS/trnG, trnC/petN, ycf4/cemA, and rpl3/rpl22) were identified between S. nipponicus and S. renifolius and 14 hot-spot regions were also identified at the subfamily level. We found a similar total number of SSR (simple sequence repeat) motifs in two accessions of S. nipponicus sampled from Japan and Korea. Phylogenetic analysis supported the basal position of subfamily Orontioideae and the monophyly of genus Symplocarpus, and also revealed an unexpected evolutionary relationship between S. nipponicus and S. renifolius.

scholarly journals Development of High-Resolution Simple Sequence Repeat Markers through Expression Profiling of Genes Associated with Pod Maturity of Soybean

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6363
Author(s):  
Myoung Ryoul Park ◽  
Inhye Lee ◽  
Min-Jung Seo ◽  
Hong-Tae Yun
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Hierarchical Tree ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Simple Sequence ◽  
Maturity Groups

In soybeans (Glycine max L.), the time required to attain maturity is a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL), which enable soybean cultivars to adapt to various regions with diverse day lengths. In this study, depending on the days to maturity, 100 soybean varieties were classified into eight maturity groups numbered from 0 to VII. The maturity groups were further sorted into three maturity ecotypes: early, middle, and late maturity. The analysis of 55,589 soybean genes revealed a total of 1147 related to the growth and development of soybean pods, including 211 genes with simple sequence repeats (SSRs). We further identified 42 SSR markers that amplified over two alleles in three different ecotypes, including six genes that were up- or downregulated in pods of more than one ecotype. The agglomerative hierarchical tree constructed for the newly identified SSR markers had three clusters. Clusters B-I, B-II, and B-III were found to be strongly related with the early, middle, and late maturity ecotypes, respectively. Therefore, the newly identified set of SSR markers can serve as an effective high-resolution tool for the genotyping and QTL mapping of soybean pod maturity.

Seed propagation of filbert

10.12737/2173 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Лоай ◽  
Sahib Radi Alrmashdi Loay
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Germination Energy ◽  
Seed Propagation ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The studies found that the most promising is the autumn sowing with pre stratification within 30 days. This provides greater germination energy and output of seedlings for 1 ha and plants have maximum increase in height. In the average 3-year greatest output of standard seedlings compared with the control was in the autumn sowing after 30 days of pre-stratification of seeds and it was 377, 7 thousand units from 1 ha. Also, studies have shown that in the autumn seeds sowing output of standard seedlings is in 1.5…1.7 times higher than during the spring sowing. Obtained materials were processed statistically, which increases their reliability.

The effect of sowing time, sowing technique and post-sowing weed competition on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) seedling establishment

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Charles ◽  
GJ Blair ◽  
AC Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Spring Sowing ◽  
Autumn Sowing

The effects of sowing time (autumn and spring), sowing technique (conventional cultivation, inverted T direct drill, triple disc direct drill and aerial sowing) and post-sowing weed competition on the establishment of tall fescue were assessed at a field site on the Northern Tablelands of N.S.W. Weed competition [principally Vulpia rnyuros (L.) Gmel.] was removed by pre-sowing herbicide and post-sowing weed control treatments of 0, 30, 60 or 90 days duration. The seedling emergence percentage was monitored until 9 months after the autumn sowing and plots were harvested 9 and 18 months after the autumn sowing. Tall fescue establishment averaged 46 seedlings m-2 from the spring sowing, successful establishment of 15% of viable seed, and 3.5 times better than for the autumn sowing. Eighteen months after sowing, the average dry matter yield of fescue was 960 kg ha-1 for the spring sowing, 33% higher than for the autumn sowing. Aerial sowing resulted in less than 3% establishment at either sowing time. The establishment from the direct drilling machines were equal to that of the cultivated seedbed in the autumn sowing (16 seedlings m-1). In the spring sowing, 79 seedlings m-2 established from the inverted T sowing technique, 43% more than for the cultivated seedbed, and 115% more than for the triple disc. Fourteen months after the spring sowing, post-sowing weed control had reduced the yield of the unsown species 82% on average, and increased the yield of tall fescue by 11956, but had no effect on the final number of established fescue plants. These results show the potential for the establishment of tall fescue on the Northern Tablelands from direct drilling in spring, avoiding many of the problems currently associated with establishment from conventional cultivation in autumn.

scholarly journals Cryo-EM structures of HKU2 and SADS-CoV spike glycoproteins and insights into coronavirus evolution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfang Yu ◽  
Shuyuan Qiao ◽  
Runyu Guo ◽  
Xinquan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Fusion Peptide ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
High Structural Similarity ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Very High

AbstractA new porcine coronavirus SADS-CoV was recently identified from suckling piglets with severe diarrhea in southern China and its genome sequence is most identical (~95% identity) to that of bat α-coronavirus HKU2. It again indicates bats are the natural reservoir of many coronaviruses that have great potential for cross-species transmission to animals and humans by recombination and/or mutation. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of HKU2 and SADS-CoV spike glycoprotein trimers at 2.38 Å and 2.83 Å resolution, respectively. HKU2 and SADS-CoV spikes exhibit very high structural similarity, with subtle differences mainly distributed in the NTD and CTD of the S1 subunit responsible for cell attachment and receptor binding. We systematically analyzed and compared the NTD, CTD, SD1 and SD2 domains of the S1 subunit and the S2 subunit of HKU2 spike with those of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-coronavirus spikes. The results show that the NTD and CTD of HKU2/SADS-CoV are probably the most ancestral in the evolution of spike. Although the S2 subunit mediating membrane fusion is highly conserved, the connecting region after fusion peptide in HKU2/SADS-CoV S2 subunit also adopts a conformation distinct from other coronaviruses. These results structurally demonstrate a close evolutionary relationship between HKU2 /SADS-CoV and β-coronavirus spikes and provide new insights into the evolution and cross-species transmission of coronaviruses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document