Optimization of Flax Roving for Bio-Based Composites Reinforced by 3D Warp Interlock Fabric

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock fabric has been involved in composite reinforcement and soft ballistic material due to its great moldability, improved impact energy-absorbing capacity, and good intra-ply resistance to delamination behaviors. However, understanding the effects of different parameters of the fabric on its mechanical behavior is necessary before the final application. The fabric architecture and its internal yarn composition are among the common influencing parameters. The current research aims to explore the effects of the warp yarn interchange ratio in the 3D warp interlock para-aramid architecture on its mechanical behavior. Thus, four 3D warp interlock variants with different warp (binding and stuffer) yarn ratios but similar architecture and structural characteristics were engineered and manufactured. Tensile and flexural rigidity mechanical tests were carried out at macro- and meso-scale according to standard EN ISO 13 934-1 and nonwoven bending length (WSP 90.5(05)), respectively. Based on the results, the warp yarn interchange ratio in the structure revealed strong influences on the tensile properties of the fabric at both the yarn and final fabric stages. Moreover, the bending stiffness of the different structures showed significant variation in both the warp and weft directions. Thus, the interchange rations of stuffer and binding warp yarn inside the 3D warp interlock fabric were found to be very key in optimizing the mechanical performance of the fabric for final applications.

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Effect of Frictions on the Ballistic Performance of a 3D Warp Interlock Fabric: Numerical Analysis

Applied Composite Materials ◽

10.1007/s10443-011-9202-2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (3-4) ◽

pp. 333-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Cuong Ha-Minh ◽

François Boussu ◽

Toufik Kanit ◽

David Crépin ◽

Abdellatif Imad

Keyword(s):

Numerical Analysis ◽

Ballistic Performance ◽

3D Warp Interlock Fabric

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3D Warp Interlock Fabric Structure and their Applications in Soft and Hard Armour Protections

Applied Composite Materials ◽

10.1007/s10443-021-09955-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

F. Boussu ◽

M. A. Abtew ◽

P. Bruniaux

Keyword(s):

Fabric Structure ◽

3D Warp Interlock Fabric

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Local strain measurements of yarns inside of 3D warp interlock fabric during forming process

International Journal of Material Forming ◽

10.1007/s12289-017-1385-0 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 775-788 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Clément Dufour ◽

François Boussu ◽

Peng Wang ◽

Damien Soulat

Keyword(s):

Local Strain ◽

Forming Process ◽

Strain Measurements ◽

3D Warp Interlock Fabric

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New Textile Composite Solutions for Armouring of Vehicles

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2019/7938720 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. Boussu ◽

B. Provost ◽

M. Lefebvre ◽

D. Coutellier

Keyword(s):

Composite Material ◽

Impact Energy ◽

Composite Structures ◽

Research Work ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fibre Reinforcement ◽

Textile Composite ◽

3D Warp Interlock Fabric ◽

The Impact

In today’s scenario, numerous studies have shown a great interest on 3D woven structures like 3D warp interlock fabric as a fibre reinforcement for composite material to provide a better impact than 2D laminated fabrics with unlinked structures in the thickness. The impact energy absorption capacity depends on different and independent parameters, including the shape and speed of the projectile, the type of fibrous structure (geometry), the type and nature of the threads (raw material, linear density, and twisting value), and the type of impregnation of the composite material. As part of our research work on hard impact protection solutions, the interest of textile composite structures, in particular those integrating 3D warp interlock fabrics, has been revealed. Based on the result, protection solutions with such fabric structure revealed larger dynamic deformation capacity for absorbing the impact energy as compared with not only a ceramic material facing a 12.7 mm ammunition (mass 43 g) at 610 m/s but also those solutions made with metallic materials facing a FSP (diameter 20 mm, mass 54 g) at 630 m/s and 1600 m/s. For each of these different threats, a specific type of composite material has to be used. These composite material solutions are mainly defined to respond to the appropriate mode of impact behaviour.

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Enhancing the Ballistic Performances of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Through Internal Structure as New Material for Seamless Female Soft Body Armor Development

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10144873 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (14) ◽

pp. 4873 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mulat Alubel Abtew ◽

Francois Boussu ◽

Pascal Bruniaux ◽

Carmen Loghin ◽

Irina Cristian

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Body Armor ◽

Woven Fabric ◽

Soft Body ◽

Warp Yarn ◽

Plain Weave ◽

National Institute Of Justice ◽

3D Warp Interlock Fabric ◽

Energy Absorbing ◽

Soft Body Armor

This paper investigates the effects of warp yarns ratios on the ballistic performances of three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock p-aramid fabrics. Four 3D warp interlock variants with different binding and stuffer warp yarns ratios were designed and developed. Except for warp yarns ratios, similar fabric parameters and manufacturing conditions were considered. Two-dimensional (2D) woven fabric having similar material characteristics and recommended for female seamless soft body armor are also considered for comparisons. Five ballistic panels, one from 2D plain weave fabric and the rest four from the other 3D warp interlock variants were prepared in a non-angled layer alignment and non-stitched but bust-shaped molded form. The ballistic test is carried out according to NIJ (National Institute of Justice) standard-level IIIA. Back Face Signature (BFS) was then modeled and measured to compute both trauma and panels’ energy-absorbing capability. The result showed significant ballistic improvement in the 3D warp interlock variant with optimum warp yarns ratios over traditional 2D plain weave fabrics. 3D warp interlock fabric panel made with 66.6% binding and 33.3% stuffer warp yarn ratio revealed both lower BFS depth and higher energy absorbing capacity (%) than other panels made of 2D plain weave and 3D warp interlock fabric variants.

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