A Economia Política do Big Data: Um Recurso Estratégico e de Poder entre Oligopólios Tecnológicos e Vulnerabilidades Estatais l The Political Economy of Big Data: a Strategic and Power Resource Among Technological Oligopolies and State Vulnerabilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e59061
Author(s):  
Francisco Luiz Marzinotto Junior
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Strategic Resources ◽  
Political Economic

A Internet popularizou-se globalmente a partir da década de 90 e se tornou central nas relações sociais contemporâneas. Atualmente, mais de 50% da população mundial a utiliza diariamente. Com isso, a quantidade de dados digitais produzidos aumentou subitamente, fazendo com que adentremos na “Era do Big Data”. Contudo, essa área é dominada por oligopólios privados com enorme capital que absorvem novas empresas e tecnologias, eliminando possíveis concorrentes e colocando em risco a estabilidade estatal. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a posição dos Estados em relação à “Era do Big Data”. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de um ciclo vicioso de concentração de informações sensíveis e poder político-econômico em oligopólios. Conclui-se que os “dados” não devem ser vistos apenas como uma ferramenta de aprimoramento comercial, mas sim, como uma fonte de recurso estratégico aos Estados, devendo-se priorizar os interesses públicos em detrimento dos privados em sua gestão.Palavras-Chave: Big Data; Poder; Economia Política Internacional. ABSTRACTInternet became globally popular and central to social relations since 1990s. Currently, more than 50% of the world’s population uses it daily. As result, the amount of digital data produced has suddenly increased, making us enter the “Big Data Era”. However, this area is dominated by private oligopolies with huge capital that absorb new companies and technologies, eliminating potential competitors and putting state stability at risk. Thus, the objective of the present work is to analyze the position of the States in relation to the “Big Data Era”. The results demonstrated the existence of a vicious cycle of concentration of sensitive information and political-economic power in oligopolies. It is concluded that big data should no longer be seen only as a tool for commercial improvement, but rather as a source of strategic resources for States, where public interests should be prioritized over private ones in their management.Keywords: Big Data; Power; International Political Economy. Recebido em: 10/04/2021 | Aceito em: 07/07/2021. 

scholarly journals Feminist everyday political economy: Space, time, and violence

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanita Elias ◽  
Shirin M. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Power And Agency ◽  
A Site

AbstractIt goes without saying that feminist International Political Economy (IPE) is concerned in one way or another with the everyday – conceptualised as both a site of political struggle and a site within which social relations are (re)produced and governed. Given the longstanding grounding of feminist research in everyday gendered experiences, many would ask: Why do we need an explicit feminist theorisation of the everyday? After all, notions of everyday life and everyday political struggle infuse feminist analysis. This article seeks to interrogate the concept of the everyday – questioning prevalent understandings of the everyday and asking whether there is analytical and conceptual utility to be gained in articulating a specifically feminist understanding of it. We argue that a feminist political economy of the everyday can be developed in ways that push theorisations of social reproduction in new directions. We suggest that one way to do this is through the recognition that social reproductionisthe everyday alongside a three-part theorisation of space, time, and violence (STV). It is an approach that we feel can play an important role in keeping IPE honest – that is, one that recognises how important gendered structures of everyday power and agency are to the conduct of everyday life within global capitalism.

scholarly journals Rebuilding Bridges: Toward a Feminist Research Agenda for Postwar Reconstruction

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Bergeron ◽  
Carol Cohn ◽  
Claire Duncanson
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Political Economic

As feminists who think about war and peacebuilding, we cannot help but encounter the complex, entwined political economic processes that underlie wars’ causes, their courses, and the challenges of postwar reconstruction. For us, then, the increasing academic division between feminist security studies (FSS) and feminist (international) political economy (FPE/FIPE) has been a cause for concern, and we welcomed Politics & Gender’s earlier Critical Perspectives section on efforts to bridge the two (June 2015). We noticed, however, that although violence was addressed in several of the special section's articles, war made only brief and somewhat peripheral appearances, and peacebuilding was all but absent. While three contributions (Hudson 2015; Sjoberg 2015; True 2015) mentioned the importance of political economy in the analysis of armed conflict, the aspects of war on which the articles focused were militarized sexualities (Sjoberg 2015) or conflict-related and postwar sexual and gender-based violence (Hudson 2015; True 2015).

Units, Markets, Relations, and Flow: Beyond Interacting Parts to Unfolding Wholes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naeem Inayatullah ◽  
David L. Blaney
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Violence

Heterodox work in Global Political Economy (GPE) finds its motive force in challenging the ontological atomism of International Political Economy (IPE) orthodoxy. Various strains of heterodoxy that have grown out of dependency theory and World-Systems Theory (WST), for example, emphasize the social whole: Individual parts are given form and meaning within social relations of domination produced by a history of violence and colonial conquest. An atomistic approach, they stress, seems designed to ignore this history of violence and relations of domination by making bargaining among independent units the key to explaining the current state of international institutions. For IPE, it is precisely this atomistic approach, largely inspired by the ostensible success of neoclassical economics, which justifies its claims to scientific rigor. International relations can be modeled as a market-like space, in which individual actors, with given preferences and endowments, bargain over the character of international institutional arrangements. Heterodox scholars’ treatment of social processes as indivisible wholes places them beyond the pale of acceptable scientific practice. Heterodoxy appears, then, as the constitutive outside of IPE orthodoxy.Heterodox GPE perhaps reached its zenith in the 1980s. Just as heterodox work was being cast out from the temple of International Relations (IR), heterodox scholars, building on earlier work, produced magisterial studies that continue to merit our attention. We focus on three texts: K. N. Chaudhuri’s Asia Before Europe (1990), Eric Wolf’s Europe and the People Without History (1982), and L. S. Stavrianos’s Global Rift (1981). We select these texts for their temporal and geographical sweep and their intellectual acuity. While Chaudhuri limits his scope to the Indian Ocean over a millennium, Wolf and Stavrianos attempt an anthropology and a history, respectively, of European expansion, colonialism, and the rise of capitalism in the modern era. Though the authors combine different elements of material, political, and social life, all three illustrate the power of seeing the “social process” as an “indivisible whole,” as Schumpeter discusses in the epigram below. “Economic facts,” the region, or time period they extract for detailed scrutiny are never disconnected from the “great stream” or process of social relations. More specifically, Chaudhuri’s work shows notably that we cannot take for granted the distinct units that comprise a social whole, as does the IPE orthodoxy. Rather, such units must be carefully assembled by the scholar from historical evidence, just as the institutions, practices, and material infrastructure that comprise the unit were and are constructed by people over the longue durée. Wolf starts with a world of interaction, but shows that European expansion and the rise and spread of capitalism intensified cultural encounters, encompassing them all within a global division of labor that conditioned the developmental prospects of each in relation to the others. Stavrianos carries out a systematic and relational history of the First and Third Worlds, in which both appear as structural positions conditioned by a capitalist political economy. By way of conclusion, we suggest that these three works collectively inspire an effort to overcome the reification and dualism of agents and structures that inform IR theory and arrive instead at “flow.”

22. Global Political Economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 508-534
Author(s):  
Stephanie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
Global Political Economy ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The North ◽  
System P ◽  
Liberal Political Economy ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter provides an overview of the field of Global Political Economy (GPE), also known as International Political Economy (IPE). It begins with a discussion of how GPE/IPE has developed as a major focus of study within the broader field of global politics over the last four decades. It then considers the rise of mercantilism as a theory of GPE, along with its relationship to nationalism and colonialism. It also examines the emergence of liberal political economy, Marxism and critical IPE, and the international economic order after World War II. In particular, it looks at the Bretton Woods system, which emerged after the war as a compromise between liberalism and nationalism. The chapter concludes with an analysis of international political, economic, and social problems associated with the North–South gap, globalization and regionalization in the post-Cold War period, and financial crises that rocked the global economic system.

scholarly journals The Interplay between Social and Environmental Degradation in the Development of the International Political Economy*

2006 ◽  
pp. 109-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Biel
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Dissipative System ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The Social

This article considers capitalism as a dissipative system, developing at the expense of exporting disorder into two sorts of ‘environment’: the physical ecosystem; and a subordinate area of society which serves to nourish mainstream order without experiencing its benefits. Particularly significant is the relationship between the two forms of dissipation. The paper begins by assessing the dangers of translating systems theory into social relations, concluding that the project is nevertheless worthwhile, provided that exploitation and struggle are constantly borne in mind. Exploring the concepts of ‘core’ and ‘periphery,’ the paper highlights the contradictory nature of an attribute of chaos which is both ascribed to the out-group, and also really exported to it. If the core’s growth merely destroyed peripheral order, the entropy of capitalism would be starkly exposed in the form of an exhaustion of future room for maneuver. This problem can be kept at bay by maintaining a self-reproducing ‘low’ order within the subordinate social system; however the fundamental entropy is still there, and will sooner or later manifest itself in the shape of threats to the sustainability of that subordinate system. At the level of the international political economy (IPE), this dialectic unfolds against the background of a ‘lumpy’ development whereby (following structural crises) order can be reconstituted, but at a cost which must be absorbed somewhere. In the case of the post-World War II reordering, this cost was massively exported to the physical environment. Since a high level of ecological depletion now appears permanently embedded within the capitalist IPE, future major efforts of order-building cannot rely on this dimension to the same degree, and must instead access some new forms of dissipative relationship with the social environment. The paper argues that this is the fundamental significance of the ‘sustainable development’ discourse: it brings together the physical and social environments into a single approach, where substitution between one and the other can be experimented. To some extent, the social environment can be treated as ‘fuel,’ and contemporary management sys-tems are noteworthy for exploring the access to an added value through the self-exploitation of small producers, realized through emergent process such as production chains. But ultimately, the ‘fuel’ definition cannot be separated from the other definition of dissipa-tion, the export of disorder; and this must be managed somehow. The dominant interests respond by means of social engineering in the periphery, for example by pushing the sustainability notion in the direction of social development theories like ‘sustainable livelihoods.’ Most immediately the problem appears in the form of purely negative phenomena: namely unmanageable levels of poverty and conflict. But there is another issue, even more threatening to the capitalist order, but hopeful for those critical of it: the increasing likelihood of unco-opted forms of emergent social order.

scholarly journals Credible Keynesianism? New Labour Macroeconomic Policy and the Political Economy of Coarse Tuning

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEN CLIFT ◽  
JIM TOMLINSON
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Macroeconomic Policy ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Policy Space ◽  
Economic Paradigm ◽  
Post War ◽  
Political Economic

This article questions prevailing interpretations of New Labour's political economy and challenges the assumption within the comparative and international political economy literatures of the exhaustion of the Keynesian political economic paradigm. New Labour's doctrinal statements are analysed to establish to what extent these doctrinal positions involve a repudiation of Keynesianism. Although New Labour has explicitly renounced the ‘fine tuning’ often (somewhat problematically) associated with post-war Keynesian political economy, we argue that they have carved out policy space in which to engage in macroeconomic ‘coarse tuning’ inspired by Keynesian thinking. This capacity to ‘coarse tune’ is precisely what is being sought in New Labour's quest for credibility through the redesign of British macroeconomic policy framework and institutions. Our empirical focus on New Labour in government since 1997 offers considerable evidence that this search for the capacity to ‘coarse tune’ has been successful.

The Coming Energy Revolution and the Transformation of the International Political Economy: Fuel Cell Technology, Public Policy and Global Power Shifts

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-356
Author(s):  
Michael Talalay
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Global Political Economy ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Political Economic

This paper addresses the issue of technological change in the global political economy. Specifically, it looks at the implications of a transition from hydro-carbons to hydrogen-powered fuel cells as the major source of energy for transportation, for electricity generation, and for combined heat and power. After briefly explaining how fuel cells work and what their direct benefits are, including dramatically reducing air pollution and global warming and shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy, the paper asks three main questions. First, what are the political, economic and technical obstacles that fuel cells must overcome. Second, what combination of market pull and public policy push will lead to their commercial success. Third, what are the implications of such success for the global political economy in three areas: changes in competitiveness in major industries; economic growth and development; and the global redistribution of political power.

Telenovelas: Television Stories for Our Global Times

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 193-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Artz
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
American Imperialism ◽  
Transnational Media ◽  
Hybrid Genre ◽  
Popular Consent

A complete international political economy connects transnational media structures with programming content demonstrating themes and ideologies that promote transnational capitalist social relations, including consumerism, individualism, deference to authority, and a dampening of citizenship. Series melodramas, known internationally as telenovelas, does not appear as a cultural or media response by Latin American cultures resisting American imperialism, but as a hybrid genre articulating popular consent for transnational capitalist hegemony.

12. Critical Political Economy

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Cafruny ◽  
J. Magnus Ryner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Monetary Union ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter examines European integration from the perspective of critical political economy. It first situates the belated arrival of political economy in integration studies within the context of the division of the social sciences in the late nineteenth century. It then considers the crisis of the Bretton Woods system and how it served to revive the study of political economy through the establishment of a subdiscipline of international political economy. It also explores the key strands of political economic analysis as they were imported into the study of the European Union, focusing on the ‘varieties of capitalism’ perspective, neo-Marxism, and regulation theory. Finally, it discusses from the perspective of critical political economy the causes and consequences of the economic and monetary union as a case where such an approach seems particularly useful, along with Eastern enlargements of 2004 and 2007.

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