The highs and lows of electrolytes part 2: calcium, phosphate and magnesium

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Paula Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Critical Care Patients

There are six electrolytes that are important in maintaining homeostasis within the body. They play vital roles in regulating neurological, myocardial, muscular and cellular functions and are involved in fluid and acid–base balance. Recognising and treating electrolyte derangements is an important role for veterinary nurses especially in emergency and critical care patients. This series of two articles will discuss the physiology behind each of the six major electrolytes and discuss to monitor and treat any abnormalities.

The highs and lows of electrolytes part 1: sodium, chloride and potassium

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 452-458
Author(s):  
Paula Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Critical Care Patients

There are six electrolytes that are important in maintaining homeostasis within the body. They play vital roles in regulating neurological, myocardial, muscular and cellular functions and are involved in fluid and acid–base balance. Recognising and treating electrolyte derangements is an important role for veterinary nurses especially in emergency and critical care patients. This series of two articles will discuss the physiology behind each of the six major electrolytes and discuss how to monitor and treat any abnormalities.

Acid–Base Balance in the Context of Critical Care

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Phil Ayers ◽  
Carman Dixon ◽  
Andrew Mays ◽  
D. Timothy Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance

Role of peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemosensitivity in the regulation of respiration and circulation.

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
R G O'Regan ◽  
S Majcherczyk
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Vascular Effects ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Central Chemosensitivity ◽  
Base Balance

Adjustments of respiration and circulation in response to alterations in the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the body fluids are mediated by two distinct chemoreceptive elements, situated peripherally and centrally. The peripheral arterial chemoreceptors, located in the carotid and aortic bodies, are supplied with sensory fibres coursing in the sinus and aortic nerves, and also receive sympathetic and parasympathetic motor innervations. The carotid receptors, and some aortic receptors, are essential for the immediate ventilatory and arterial pressure increases during acute hypoxic hypoxaemia, and also make an important contribution to respiratory compensation for acute disturbances of acid-base balance. The vascular effects of peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation include coronary vasodilation and vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle and the splanchnic area. The bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction during carotid chemoreceptor stimulation can be lessened or reversed by effects arising from a concurrent hyperpnoea. Central chemoreceptive elements respond to changes in the hydrogen ion concentration in the interstitial fluid in the brain, and are chiefly responsible for ventilatory and circulatory adjustments during hypercapnia and chronic disturbances of acid-base balance. The proposal that the neurones responsible for central chemoreception are located superficially in the ventrolateral portion of the medulla oblongata is not universally accepted, mainly because of a lack of convincing morphological and electrophysiological evidence. Central chemosensitive structures can modify peripheral chemoreceptor responses by altering discharges in parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves supplying these receptors, and such modifications could be a factor contributing to ventilatory unresponsiveness in mild hypoxia. Conversely, peripheral chemoreceptor drive can modulate central chemosensitivity during hypercapnia.

Acid-Base Balance with Different Capd Solutions

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Feriani ◽  
Claudio Ronco ◽  
Giuseppe La Greca
Keyword(s):  
Acid Production ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Base Balance

Our objective is to investigate transperitoneal buffer fluxes with solution containing lactate and bicarbonate, and to compare the final effect on body base balance of the two solutions. One hundred and four exchanges, using different dwell times, were performed in 52 stable continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Dialysate effluent lactate and bicarbonate and volumes were measured. Net dialytic base gain was calculated. Patients’ acid-base status and plasma lactate were determined. In lactate-buffered CAPD solution, lactate concentration in dialysate effluent inversely correlated with length of dwell time, but did not correlate with plasma lactate concentration and net ultrafiltration. Bicarbonate concentration in dialysate effluent correlated with plasma bicarbonate and dwell time but not with ultrafiltration. The arithmetic sum of the lactate gain and bicarbonate loss yielded the net dialytic base gain. Ultrafiltration was the most important factor affecting net dialytic base gain. A previous study demonstrated that in patients using a bicarbonate-buffered solution the net bicarbonate gain is a function of dwell time, ultrafiltration, and plasma bicarbonate. By combining the predicted data of the dialytic base gain with the calculated metabolic acid production, an approximate body base balance could be obtained with both lactate and bicarbonate-buffered CAPD solutions. The body base balance in CAPD patients is self-regulated by the feedback between plasma bicarbonate concentration and dialytic base gain. The level of plasma bicarbonate is determined by the dialytic base gain and the metabolic acid production. This can explain the large interpatient variability in acid-base correction. Bicarbonate-buffered CAPD solution is equal to lactate solution in correcting acid-base disorders of CAPD patients.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF CONTINUITY AND CONSISTENCY IN TEACHING GENERAL CHEMISTRY AND NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY AT A MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
M.M. Lapkin ◽  
◽  
E.A. Trutneva ◽  
E.A. Laksaeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Medicine ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Scientific Societies ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Interdisciplinary Interaction ◽  
Medical University

In the article, we discuss the principles of consistency and continuity implemented in the education of general medicine and normal physiology at the medical university. We give several taught topics and questions to allow the application of these pedagogical principles: solutions, the role of various ions in physiological functions, buffer systems, and their role in regulating the acid-base balance of the body and many others. We reviewed possible forms of interdisciplinary interaction: coordination of work programs and curricula within the framework of joint departments and methodological councils, writing of interdisciplinary textbooks, reading of interdisciplinary problem lectures, holding joint meetings of student scientific societies devoted to current scientific problems. We believe that multidisciplinary interaction will allow us to eliminate to eliminate unreasonable duplication in teaching, free up additional temporary resources, and increase the effectiveness of the educational process in general.

scholarly journals The Alkaline Diet and the Warburg Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-39
Author(s):  
Hassan Bahrami ◽  
Ted Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Warburg Effect ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Effect Theory ◽  
Base Balance

The changing diets accompanying our modern life style have increased the content of foods that form acidic metabolic waste residues in the body. Wastes from these metabolic processes are released into the interstitial fluids and the blood, slightly changing their pH temporarily. This link may in turn have an impact on the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). According to Warburg effect theory, an acidic cellular and circulatory environment may cause various specific health problems such as hypoxia and cancer, whereas an oxygen-rich optimum-alkaline environment could retain healthy cells. However, the mechanisms by which the diet may be influential on blood pH-related parameters and on health have remained largely unknown. This paper begins with a detailed presentation of the concepts, issues and the existing evidence regarding alkaline and acid forming diets, and summarizes the three main mechanisms by which the diet influences the acid-base balance in the body. It then presents the findings of a small exploratory study in which one author (HB) followed diets traditionally thought to produce alkaline or acidic residues. After each diet period of one month (with a two-month wash out period), pH, oxygen saturation, and carbon dioxide partial pressure were measured for arterial and for venous blood.   The resulting data indicated that the diets followed changed blood pH-related parameters in the expected directions according to the acid-base theory of health. Increased intake of acid-forming foods resulted in a slightly lower pH level, but a significant reduction of oxygen saturation in the blood, whereas increased consumption of alkaline forming foods maintained the high oxygen saturation in the blood that, according to Warburg effect theory, may, if maintained, reduce the incidence of NCDs. Further cross-over research of this kind is needed, utilizing large samples and testing various dietary modifications.

scholarly journals FP614POST-DIALYSIS ACID-BASE BALANCE AND CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE CHANGES IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH VASCULAR CALCIFICATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. i249-i249
Author(s):  
Makrouhi Sonikian ◽  
Eugenia Karakou ◽  
Theodoros Hiras ◽  
Jacob Skarakis ◽  
Pagona Sklapani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Vascular Calcifications ◽  
Base Balance

scholarly journals Interpretation of arterial blood gases

Pulse ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
CP Dokwal
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Life Threatening

Measuring arterial blood gas is routinely performed in critically ill patients, and may unravel severe life-threatening acid-base disorders or hypoxemia. It provides the vital information about ventilation, oxygenation, and acid-base status in such persons. These three processes are intimately related to each other in achieving normal oxygenation and acid-balance in the body.The interpretation of arterial blood gas requires a reasonable understanding of respiratory physiology and acid-base balance in the body. Hence, in the following section, first the role of alveolar ventilation, oxygenation, and the maintenance of acid-base homeostasis have been discussed. This is followed by a step-wise approach to analyze the acid-base disorders, if present.DOI: 10.3329/pulse.v3i1.6547Pulse Vol.3(1) July 2009 p15-19

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