scholarly journals Comparative stages of atretic oocytes between Episesarma versicolor and E. singaporense from Thailand: Implication on the reproductive success

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Chanyut Sudtongkong ◽  
◽  
Sinlapachai Senarat ◽  
Supparat Kong-oh ◽  
Pisit Poolprasert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Follicular Cell ◽  
Ovarian Maturation ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Degenerative Process ◽  
Mangrove Area ◽  
Primary Growth

Informative reviews on the oocyte atresia referring to degeneration and resorptive mechanism are warranted in common animals, but it is rarely still found in carbs. In this current study, we focused on characteristics and stage of the atretic oocyte from two important female sesarmid carbs (violet vinegar crab, Episesarma versicolor, and Singapore vinegar crab, E. singaporense) during ovarian maturation. A total of 30 female samples in each carb species were collected from the Palian mangrove area of Trang province, Thailand. The results shared among those carb samples that both primary growth (PGs) and secondary growth (SGs) phases underwent a degenerative process of atresia. The latter of atresia during SGs was also divided into five stages (I, II, III, IV, and V). The degeneration of follicular cell and yolk architecture identifying in the SGs were highlighted. The number of atresias was slightly compared between E. versicolor and E. singaporense; therefore, there were no significant differences. Our observation suggested that the low number of atresia might be associated with the increased reproductive success of two female sesarmid carb living in natural habitats.

scholarly journals Male and female reproductive success in natural and anthropogenic populations of Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Jermakowicz ◽  
Beata Ostrowiecka ◽  
Izabela Tałałaj ◽  
Artur Pliszko ◽  
Agata Kostro-Ambroziak
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Floral Display ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Female Reproductive Success ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Effective Pollinators

Abstract In the presented study, male and female reproductive success was analyzed in relation to the population size, floral display and pollinators’ availability in natural and anthropogenic populations of the orchid Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. Our results indicated significant differences between all investigated populations in parameters of floral display, including heights and number of flowers per inflorescence, as well the number of flowering individuals and their spatial structure. Additionally, populations differed both in male (pollinia removal) and female (fruit set) reproductive success, but only the fruit set clearly differentiated anthropogenic and natural populations. Despite the average flower number per plant being significantly higher in two of the anthropogenic populations, it was not related to the fruits set, which was significantly lower there. Moreover, our preliminary study concerning the potential pollinators of M. monophyllos showed a higher contribution of flies in natural habitats than in anthropogenic ones. Thus, we can suspect that the main factors influencing the level of female reproductive success in M. monophyllos populations are abundance of effective pollinators, as well as flower visitors, which may have resulted in a different level of pollen discounting in populations. Therefore, further studies concerning breeding system and pollination as important forces that shape demographic processes in M. monophyllos populations are necessary. Our results also indicate that suitable conservation methods in M. monophyllos should always include the preservation of potential pollinators, especially in these new, secondary habitats.

EFFECT OF UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE ON YIELDS AND NITROGEN CONCENTRATION OF TIMOTHY AND BROMEGRASS AND LOSS OF AMMONIA FROM UREA SURFACE APPLICATIONS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
J. A. MACLEOD ◽  
K. B. MCRAE
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Harvest Year

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1 in spring and after cutting the primary growth of timothy and bromegrass in three field experiments. Dry matter yields of timothy and bromegrass and total nitrogen concentration of tissue and nitrogen yields of timothy were determined. Loss of nitrogen as ammonia was monitored on microplots between the end of May and early July. Primary growth yields were usually similar for ammonium nitrate and urea but in the secondary growth timothy fertilized with ammonium nitrate outyielded timothy fertilized with urea in four out of six harvest years. Dry matter response to applied nitrogen was usually curvilinear in primary growth but linear in secondary growth over the nitrogen rates studied. Total nitrogen concentration in primary and secondary growths of timothy increased linearly with nitrogen rate during the initial 2–3 yr; ammonium nitrate and urea were equally effective in all but one harvest year. Total nitrogen production of timothy also increased linearly over the range of 30–120 kg N ha−1, while ammonium nitrate outyielded urea-fertilized timothy during one season in primary and two seasons out of four in secondary growth. Nitrogen losses increased from spring to summer, in general, with 68–75% of the variation explained by air temperature. Urea and ammonium nitrate were considered equivalent nitrogen sources for the primary growth of timothy but urea was less efficient in the secondary growth under summer conditions.Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, timothy, bromegrass, ammonia losses

scholarly journals Procambial and cambial variants in Serjania and Urvillea species (Sapindaceae: Paullinieae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-432
Author(s):  
Willian Adriano Lira Lopes ◽  
Luiz Antonio de Souza ◽  
Odair José Garcia de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Structural Knowledge ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Cambial Variants

For the purpose of comparing the structure of vascular cylinders, and procambial and cambial variants of Serjania Miller and Urvillea Kunth species, we studied the stems of five species, in order to add to the structural knowledge of these genera belonging to the widely distributed Sapindaceae family. Stems of sampled species were collected at “Estação Ecológica do Caiuá,” Diamante do Norte (PR), Brazil; and were analyzed using traditional anatomical techniques. We analyzed five species of two genera from the Paullinieae tribe: three species of Serjania (S. communis, S. fuscifolia, and S. meridionalis) and two of Urvillea (U. leavis and U. ulmacea); in which we describe the primary and secondary growths, the number of peripheral cylinders, the type of cylinders concerning its origin, the type of stem, and the origin of the cambial or tissue variant. Serjania stems exhibit the compound and corded types, while the cleft and mixed (cleft/corded) types have been recorded in Urvillea species. All species have peripheral vascular cylinders in which the stems of S. communis and S. fuscifolia form the procambial and cambial variants during primary growth, whereas the stems of S. meridionalis, U. leavis, and U. ulmacea develop the cambial variants during secondary growth.

Initiation and structure of the secondary vascular system in Phytolacca dioica (Phytolaccaceae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2580-2586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Kirchoff ◽  
Abraham Fahn
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Vascular Cylinder ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Secondary Thickening ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Cathodic Side ◽  
Vascular Connections

Phytolacca dioica (L.) is characterized by anomalous secondary thickening by means of supernumerary cambia. After a period of primary growth and the formation of an initial (normal) vascular cambium, supernumerary cambia are initiated outside of the primary vascular cylinder. The initiation of the first supernumerary cambium takes place through approximately the number of nodes equal to the denominator of the phyllotactic fraction characterizing a given axis. At each node a segment of supernumerary cambium is initiated opposite the leaf traces supplying the leaf inserted at that node. The segments of differentiated cambium are preceded by regions of obliquely and anticlinally dividing cells. In the single juvenile axis studied supernumerary cambial segments also appear above the node to the cathodic side of the entering leaf traces, and opposite the medullary bundle immediately anodic to these traces. Vascular connections among the primary and supernumerary vascular cylinders occur between leaf insertions on the same orthostichy. The levels at which these connections occur vary among stems. The switch from ordinary to anomalous secondary growth may be caused by a change in tissue response to stimuli produced by leaves.

BEHAVIOURAL STRATEGIES, TESTIS SIZE, AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN TWO CAVIOMORPH RODENTS WITH DIFFERENT MATING SYSTEMS

Behaviour ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 136 (9) ◽  
pp. 1203-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg Epplen ◽  
Esther Schwarz-Weig ◽  
Anja Keil ◽  
Norbert Sachser
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Cavia Aperea

AbstractWe summarize our studies on the social and mating systems of Cavia aperea and Galea musteloides , two closely related South-American rodents. In Cavia an extremely high incompatibility exists among adult males. As a consequence, only a single male can be kept together with several females even in richly structured enclosures of 20 m2. From this, a polygynous mating system emerges. In contrast, under similar housing conditions male Galea are much more tolerant and large groups can be established consisting of several adult males and several adult females. The mating system of Galea is promiscuous because of the female's soliciting behaviour when receptive that makes it impossible for a single male to monopolize her. The diverging mating systems correspond well with functional variations in testis size and sexual dimorphism: the polygynous Cavia show low testis masses (weight of both testes = 0.58% of body weight) and body weights are 11% higher in males than in nonpregnant females. The promiscuous Galea have extremely high relative testis masses (1.86% of body weight) and non-pregnant females are 15% heavier than males. In the latter species promiscuous mating results in a high percentage of multiple paternities (> 80% in groups of 4 males and 6-7 females) as revealed by multi-locus DNA fingerprinting. Nevertheless dominant males achieve a significantly higher reproductive success than subordinates. The high frequency of overt aggression directed from dominant to subordinate males, therefore, may be a mechanism to lower the fertilizing capacity of the lower ranking males. Concerning the females' reproductive success we demonstrated in a mating experiment that Galea which were paired with four males and became pregnant, weaned significantly more offspring than females which were paired with a single male. Thus, for the first time a reproductive benefit from promiscuous mating is shown for a female mammal. Field studies in the natural habitats of Cavia aperea and Galea musteloides are now performed to elucidate whether the differences in social and mating systems can be related to differences in ecological conditions.

The Concept of Oligophagy and the Natural Habitats and Host Plants of Papilio machaon L. in Fennoscandia

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christer Wiklund
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Angelica Archangelica ◽  
Plant Utilization

AbstractIn this paper a hypothesis is advanced according to which oligophagous insects have adopted two distinct strategies of habitat/host plant utilization, (1) a "monophagic strategy" being favoured in predictable habitats, making it possible to maximize reproductive success on one host plant per habitat only, (2) a "polyphagic strategy" being compulsively adopted in unpredictable habitats where two or more host plants per habitat have to be utilized for the maintenance of the species. For a partial preliminary test of this hypothesis the natural habitats and host plants of Papilio niachaon in Fennoscandia were investigated. The results indicate that (1) the predictable formations of inland wet-lands and coastal foreshores are the most important habitats (2) Peucedanum palustre, Angelica silvestris, Angelica archangelica ssp. littoralis and norvegica are the dominant host plants and (3) P. machaon appears to have adopted a "monophagic strategy" of habitat/host plant utilization in the predictable habitat categories.

scholarly journals The growth ofLeptospira australisB in the kidneys of mice in the incipient experimental carrier state

1962 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Faine
Keyword(s):  
Acute Infection ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Homologous Antiserum ◽  
Intraperitoneal Infection

The growth ofL. australisB in the kidneys of young mice which become carriers was followed after experimental intraperitoneal infection. There was a primary growth corresponding to generalized acute infection and terminated at the time of appearance of antibody. A secondary growth bf leptospirae followed in the kidneys alone about 7–10 days after infection, coinciding with the onset of leptospiruria and recovery from infection. Subsequently mice carried about 106–107leptospirae in their kidneys permanently.The leptospirae in the urine or in the kidneys of carriers were resistant to the action of antibody in the serum or urine of the host animal, or in rabbit antisera prepared against mouse-renal leptospirae or against cultured leptospirae of the infecting strain. No antigenic differences were detected between renal and cultured leptospirae. An analogous situation is the growthin vitroof leptospirae in homologous antiserum. The mechanism permitting growth of leptospirae in homologous antiserumin vivoorin vitrois unknown.The carrier condition results from the ability of virulent leptospirae to (i) grow in the host and produce lesions in the primary, acute generalized infection, (ii) grow in renal tubules in the presence of antibody.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document