Expansion of the Trade in Northern Alaska and Western Arctic Canada

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Bockstoce
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Canada ◽  
Trading Company ◽  
Whaling Industry ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Northern Alaska

This chapter focuses on the development and advance of the arctic fur trade to the year 1914: the decline of the shore whaling industry and the rise of the market for white fox furs; the beginning of the dispersal of trapping families along the coast; the importance of the Cape Smythe Whaling and Trading Company at Barrow, Alaska; and the activities of H. Liebes and Company, furriers of San Francisco.

Slope thermokarst transforms permafrost preserved glacial landscapes and effects propagate through Arctic drainage networks.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Kokelj ◽  
Justin Kokoszka ◽  
Jurjen van der Sluijs ◽  
Ashley Rudy ◽  
Jon Tunnicliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Canada ◽  
Stream Length ◽  
Sediment Delivery ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Drainage Networks ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Systems Mapping

<p>Recent intensification of slope thermokarst is transforming permafrost preserved glaciated landscapes and causing significant downstream effects. In this paper we: A) Describe the thaw-related mechanisms driving the evolution of slope to stream connectivity; B) define the watershed patterns of thermokarst intensification; and C) project the cascade of effects through the Arctic drainage networks of northwestern Canada. The power-law relationships between disturbance area and volume, and thickness of permafrost thawed, in conjunction with a time-series of disturbance mapping show that the non-linear intensification of slope thermokarst is mobilizing vast stores of previously frozen glacial sediments linking slopes to downstream systems. Mapping across a range of catchment scales indicates that slope thermokarst predominantly affects first and second order streams. Slope sediment delivery now frequently exceeds fluvial transport capacity of these streams by several orders of magnitude indicating long-term perturbation. Mapping shows slope thermokarst is directly affecting over 6760 km of stream segments, over 890 km of coastline and over 1370 lakes across the 1,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> Arctic drainage basin from continuous permafrost of northwestern Canada. The downstream projection of thermokarst disturbance increases affected lakes by a factor of 4 and stream length by a factor of 7, and suggests that fluvial transfer has the potential to yield numerous thermokarst impact zones across coastal areas of western Arctic Canada. The Prince of Wales Strait between Banks and Victoria Islands is identified as a hotspot of downstream thermokarst effects, and the Peel and Mackenzie rivers stand out as principle conveyors of slope thermokarst effects to North America’s largest Delta and to the Beaufort Sea.<strong> </strong>The distribution of slope thermokarst and the fluvial pattern of sediment mobilization signal the climate-driven rejuvenation of post-glacial landscape change and the triggering of a time-transient cascade of downstream effects. Geological legacy and the patterns of continental drainage dictate that terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments of western Arctic Canada will be a hotspot of climate-driven change through the coming centuries. </p>

White Fox and Icy Seas in the Western Arctic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Bockstoce ◽  
William Barr
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Whaling Industry ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Demographic Condition

This book examines the challenges that confronted the peoples of the Western Arctic in the early twentieth century, a result of the collapse of the whaling industry and the nearly simultaneous rise of the market for white fox skins. The fur trade created temporary wealth for the Northerners and induced population movements throughout the region. When the price of white fox skins declined during the 1930s these peoples, who had dispersed for trapping opportunities, consolidated into towns and villages that possessed schools, missions, and stores – a movement that was the beginning of today’s arctic demographic condition.

Toward Monopoly Control in Western Arctic Canada

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Bockstoce
Keyword(s):  
Fur Trade ◽  
Arctic Canada ◽  
Western Arctic

This chapter delineates the Hudson’s Bay Company’s efforts to achieve monopoly control of the fur trade and the efforts of Captain C. T. Pedersen to prevent the HBC from achieving it.

Competition among Traders in Western Arctic Canada

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Bockstoce
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
Arctic Canada ◽  
Hudson's Bay Company ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Hudson’S Bay Company

This chapter depicts the growth and development of the fur trade during the 1920s in Western Arctic Canada: its swift eastward expansion (as far as King William Island), and the rivalries that developed among several trading companies, particularly the Hudson’s Bay Company, the Klengenberg family, and the Canalaska Company.

Fort Ross: Founding and Abandonment, 1937 to 1948

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Bockstoce
Keyword(s):  
Fur Trade ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Shipping ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Western Arctic

This chapter recounts the brief history of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s trading post at the nexus of the Western Arctic and Eastern Arctic shipping routes. Difficult ice conditions forced the company to relocate the post farther south; nevertheless the post’s short existence serves as a paradigm for the larger story of the rise and decline of the arctic fur trade.

scholarly journals N2O dynamics in the western Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jang-Mu Heo ◽  
Seong-Su Kim ◽  
Sung-Ho Kang ◽  
Eun Jin Yang ◽  
Ki-Tae Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Western Arctic Ocean ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Western Arctic

AbstractThe western Arctic Ocean (WAO) has experienced increased heat transport into the region, sea-ice reduction, and changes to the WAO nitrous oxide (N2O) cycles from greenhouse gases. We investigated WAO N2O dynamics through an intensive and precise N2O survey during the open-water season of summer 2017. The effects of physical processes (i.e., solubility and advection) were dominant in both the surface (0–50 m) and deep layers (200–2200 m) of the northern Chukchi Sea with an under-saturation of N2O. By contrast, both the surface layer (0–50 m) of the southern Chukchi Sea and the intermediate (50–200 m) layer of the northern Chukchi Sea were significantly influenced by biogeochemically derived N2O production (i.e., through nitrification), with N2O over-saturation. During summer 2017, the southern region acted as a source of atmospheric N2O (mean: + 2.3 ± 2.7 μmol N2O m−2 day−1), whereas the northern region acted as a sink (mean − 1.3 ± 1.5 μmol N2O m−2 day−1). If Arctic environmental changes continue to accelerate and consequently drive the productivity of the Arctic Ocean, the WAO may become a N2O “hot spot”, and therefore, a key region requiring continued observations to both understand N2O dynamics and possibly predict their future changes.

scholarly journals Arctic Ocean stratification set by sea level and freshwater inputs since the last ice age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse R. Farmer ◽  
Daniel M. Sigman ◽  
Julie Granger ◽  
Ona M. Underwood ◽  
François Fripiat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Phytoplankton Productivity ◽  
Nitrate Consumption ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Last Ice Age

AbstractSalinity-driven density stratification of the upper Arctic Ocean isolates sea-ice cover and cold, nutrient-poor surface waters from underlying warmer, nutrient-rich waters. Recently, stratification has strengthened in the western Arctic but has weakened in the eastern Arctic; it is unknown if these trends will continue. Here we present foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes from Arctic Ocean sediments since 35,000 years ago to reconstruct past changes in nutrient sources and the degree of nutrient consumption in surface waters, the latter reflecting stratification. During the last ice age and early deglaciation, the Arctic was dominated by Atlantic-sourced nitrate and incomplete nitrate consumption, indicating weaker stratification. Starting at 11,000 years ago in the western Arctic, there is a clear isotopic signal of Pacific-sourced nitrate and complete nitrate consumption associated with the flooding of the Bering Strait. These changes reveal that the strong stratification of the western Arctic relies on low-salinity inflow through the Bering Strait. In the central Arctic, nitrate consumption was complete during the early Holocene, then declined after 5,000 years ago as summer insolation decreased. This sequence suggests that precipitation and riverine freshwater fluxes control the stratification of the central Arctic Ocean. Based on these findings, ongoing warming will cause strong stratification to expand into the central Arctic, slowing the nutrient supply to surface waters and thus limiting future phytoplankton productivity.

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