Henry the Crusader 1250–1253

Henry III ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 512-567
Author(s):  
David Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Similar Path ◽  
The Cross ◽  
King's Men ◽  
Louis Ix ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter studies how Henry III took the cross in March of 1250 and hoped to fire his subjects with enthusiasm for the enterprise. He was unsuccessful. In these years, Matthew Paris's critique of Henry's rule reached a crescendo. The king's financial exactions, patronage of foreigners, and acts of injustice, so Paris thought, had utterly deprived him of his subjects' love. The contrast here with Louis IX in France was stark. Having taken the cross, Louis, in a series of wide-ranging inquiries, sought to redress the injustices committed by himself and his officials. It was an example that Henry failed to follow. Had he embarked on a similar path of reform, he might have defused the grievances underlying the revolution of 1258. This period presaged the revolution in another way, namely in the factional struggles at court. It became clear that the two groups of foreigners established there, the Lusignans and the Savoyards, did not get on. In 1252, there was open conflict between them, the king's men, and the queen's men as they were called by Matthew Paris.

A Carolingian rock crystal from the Abbey of Saint-Denis at the British Museum

1954 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Blaise de Montesquiou-Fezensac
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rock Crystal ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cross ◽  
King Of France ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Revolution

The engravings devoted to the Trésor in Dom Félibien's history of the abbey of Saint-Denis, in spite of their inaccuracy, are a precious source of information about the pieces, some extremely ancient, that composed that celebrated ensemble, unfortunately dispersed at the Revolution. On the plate by Nicolas Guérard, dealing with the third armoire, is pictured a reliquary consisting of two oval rock crystals, placed one above the other, in a rich gold setting (Fig. I). The crystal situated beneath, which is the larger one, is engraved with a representation of Christ on the Cross between the Virgin and St. John the Evangelist. We learn from Dom Félibien that in his time—his book was printed in 1706—this reliquary enclosed some remnants of the clothes of St. Louis, king of France.

The Revolution of 1258

Henry III ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 675-699
Author(s):  
David Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
The Future ◽  
Papal Court ◽  
Louis Ix ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter discusses the revolution of 1258. Between the parliaments of October 1257 and April 1258, Henry III spent all his time at Westminster apart from visits to Merton, Guildford, and Windsor. The king was anxiously awaiting the return of his envoys from both the papal court and the court of Louis IX. On both depended the future of the Sicilian enterprise. If that were not enough, Henry was also facing the prospect of war on two fronts in Britain. With the king denying justice to John FitzGeoffrey while asking for a monstrous tax to pursue his Sicilian dreams, seven magnates decided to take action. The aim of the seven was to bring down the Lusignans and force through a general reform of the realm. On April 30, 1258, Roger Bigod demanded action against the ‘intolerable’ Lusignans and the reform of the realm by twenty-four men chosen by the baronage. No tax was to be imposed without the consent of the twenty-four and they were to appoint someone to keep the king's seal. Henry had resisted such demands for fourteen years. Now confronted by men in armour and fearing imprisonment, he gave way.

A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Block ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

Structures Resembling Striated Rootlets in Oocytes

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
Valerie V. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Fibrous Structure ◽  
Oocyte Development ◽  
The Cross

During the earliest stage of oocyte development in the limpet, Acmea scutum, Golgi complexes are small, few and randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm. As growth proceeds, the Golgi complexes increase in size and number and migrate to the periphery of the cell. At this time, fibrous structures resembling striated rootlets occur associated with the Golgi complexes. Only one fibrous structure appears to be associated with a Golgi complex.The fibers are periodically cross banded with an average of 4 dense fibrils and 6 lighter fibrils per period (Fig. 1). The cross fibrils have a center to center spacing of about 7 run which appears to be the same as that of the striated rootlets of the gill cilia in this animal.

Energy Distribution in Electron Beams

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Integral Curve ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Angular Divergence ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Integral Width ◽  
The Cross

The energy distribution in an electron; beam from an electron gun provided with a biased Wehnelt cylinder was measured by a retarding potential analyser. All the measurements were carried out with a beam of small angular divergence (<3xl0-4 rad) to eliminate the apparent increase of energy width as pointed out by Ichinokawa.The cross section of the beam from a gun with a tungsten hairpin cathode varies as shown in Fig.1a with the bias voltage Vg. The central part of the beam was analysed. An example of the integral curve as well as the energy spectrum is shown in Fig.2. The integral width of the spectrum ΔEi varies with Vg as shown in Fig.1b The width ΔEi is smaller than the Maxwellian width near the cut-off. As |Vg| is decreased, ΔEi increases beyond the Maxwellian width, reaches a maximum and then decreases. Note that the cross section of the beam enlarges with decreasing |Vg|.

On the cross-sectional shape of the cellulose crystallites in the tunicate Halocynthia papillosa

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-567
Author(s):  
J.-F. Revol ◽  
Y. Van Daele ◽  
F. Gaill
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Valonia Ventricosa ◽  
C Nmr

The only form of cellulose which could unequivocally be ascribed to the animal kingdom is the tunicin that occurs in the tests of the tunicates. Recently, high-resolution solid-state l3C NMR revealed that tunicin belongs to the Iβ form of cellulose as opposed to the Iα form found in Valonia and bacterial celluloses. The high perfection of the tunicin crystallites led us to study its crosssectional shape and to compare it with the shape of those in Valonia ventricosa (V.v.), the goal being to relate the cross-section of cellulose crystallites with the two allomorphs Iα and Iβ.In the present work the source of tunicin was the test of the ascidian Halocvnthia papillosa (H.p.). Diffraction contrast imaging in the bright field mode was applied on ultrathin sections of the V.v. cell wall and H.p. test with cellulose crystallites perpendicular to the plane of the sections. The electron microscope, a Philips 400T, was operated at 120 kV in a low intensity beam condition.

The Revolution that Failed

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Rittenhouse Green
Keyword(s):  
The Revolution
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