scholarly journals Post-Copulatory Female Choice in Sagebrush Crickets

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
J. Johnson ◽  
Tracie Ivy ◽  
Anne-Katrin Eggert ◽  
Scott Sakaluk
Keyword(s):  
Female Choice ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Copulatory Behavior ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Mating Status ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Cyphoderris Strepitans

Male sagebrush crickets (Cyphoderris strepitans) permit females to engage in an unusual form of sexual cannibalism during copulation: females feed on males' fleshy hind wings and ingest haemolymph oozing from the wounds they inflict. These wounds are not fatal, and normally only a portion of the hind wings are eaten at any one mating, so that mated males are not precluded from mating again. However, non-virgin males have fewer resources to offer females than do virgin males, such that females should be selected to preferentially mate with virgin males. Because previous work has indicated a lack of pre-copulatory female choice, we tested the hypothesis that females accept matings with non-virgin males, but discriminate against them afterwards by re-mating sooner than they otherwise would after matings with virgin males. If the last male to copulate with a female prior to egg laying does in fact sire the majority of her offspring, then such post-copulatory behavior would constitute a form of female choice. To test this, we experimentally manipulated both female diet (high protein vs. low protein), and the female's ability to feed on males' wings during mating. We predicted that females prevented from wing feeding and held on a low protein diet would remate sooner than females allowed to wing feed and held on a high protein diet. We measured the amount of time males spent calling in mating trials, and the time to first and second mountings and matings for each female. Our results reveal an effect of wing treatment on the time to first mating. Low protein females mated with winged males significantly more readily than they did with de­winged males. Female diet also had a significant effect on the time to first mounting. Females fed only lettuce (low protein) mounted males sooner than females provisioned with apple and a bee pollen supplement (high protein), indicating that a female's overall nutrient intake may determine her propensity to mate regardless of the mating status of the male she is paired with. No effect of diet or wing treatment was found for time to second mounting or mating.

scholarly journals Adaptive changes in the capacity of systems used for the synthesis of citrulline in rat liver mitochondria in response to high- and low-protein diets

1974 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. McGivan ◽  
Norah M. Bradford ◽  
J. B. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Citrulline Synthesis

1. Citrulline synthesis was measured in mitochondria from rats fed on a standard diet, a high-protein diet, or on glucose. 2. With NH4Cl as the nitrogen source the rate of citrulline synthesis was higher in mitochondria from rats fed on a high-protein diet than in those from rats fed on a standard diet. When rats were fed solely on glucose the rate of synthesis of citrulline from NH4Cl was very low. 3. With glutamate as the nitrogen source the relative rates of citrulline synthesis were much lower than when NH4Cl was present, but similar adaptive changes occurred. 4. The activity of the mitochondrial glutamate-transporting system increased two to three times on feeding rats on a high-protein diet, but the Km for glutamate was unchanged. 5. Adaptive changes in certain intramitochondrial enzymes were also measured. 6. The results were interpreted to indicate that when an excess of substrate was present, citrulline synthesis from NH4Cl was rate-limited by the intramitochondrial concentration of N-acetyl-glutamate, but citrulline synthesis from glutamate was rate-limited primarily by the activity of the glutamate-transporting system.

scholarly journals High‐protein diet more effectively reduces hepatic fat than low‐protein diet despite lower autophagy and FGF21 levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2982-2997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchen Xu ◽  
Mariya Markova ◽  
Nicole Seebeck ◽  
Anne Loft ◽  
Silke Hornemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Hepatic Fat

Digestion by sheep of concentrate diets containing formaldehyde-treated peanut meal

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal on the digestion of barley-peanut meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at two peanut meal and therefore dietary protein levels. There were no differences either between protein levels or due to treatment in the overall digestion of organic matter, but more of this digestion took place in the stomach when the low protein diets were given. Dietary starch was completely digested. There was no effect of protein level or of formaldehyde treatment on the partition of starch digestion between the stomach and the intestines. About 10% of the dietary nitrogen disappeared from the stomach when the high protein diet containing untreated peanut meal was given; treatment resulted in a small net gain of nitrogen in the stomach. There was a net gain of nitrogen in the stomach when the low protein diets were given, the gain tending to be greater when the peanut meal was treated. When the meal was treated, there was a small but not significant increase (c. 2%) for the low protein diet and a substantial increase (c. 31 %) for the high protein diet in the amount of crude protein digested in the intestines per unit of digestible organic matter intake. Changes observed in the composition and flow of digesta and in plasma urea and cc-amino nitrogen levels are discussed in relation to the digestion of organic matter and protein.

scholarly journals Liver GCN2 controls hepatic FGF21 secretion and modulates whole body postprandial oxidation profile under a low-protein diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (6) ◽  
pp. E1015-E1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Chalvon-Demersay ◽  
Joanna Moro ◽  
Patrick C. Even ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Daniel Tomé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Protein Diets

General control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is a kinase that detects amino acid deficiency and is involved in the control of protein synthesis and energy metabolism. However, the role of hepatic GCN2 in the metabolic adaptations in response to the modulation of dietary protein has been seldom studied. Wild-type (WT) and liver GCN2-deficient (KO) mice were fed either a normo-protein diet, a low-protein diet, or a high-protein diet for 3 wk. During this period, body weight, food intake, and metabolic parameters were followed. In mice fed normo- and high-protein diets, GCN2 pathway in the liver is not activated in WT mice, leading to a similar metabolic profile with the one of KO mice. On the contrary, a low-protein diet activates GCN2 in WT mice, inducing FGF21 secretion. In turn, FGF21 maintains a high level of lipid oxidation, leading to a different postprandial oxidation profile compared with KO mice. Hepatic GCN2 controls FGF21 secretion under a low-protein diet and modulates a whole body postprandial oxidation profile.

Corrigendum to: IGF-I is not a useful marker for nutritional status in the growing pig under commercial conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
L. Ma ◽  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
Y. M. Brockwell ◽  
R. L. Inglis ◽  
D. J. Kingston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Protein Diets

Plasma hormone concentrations were measured in gilts after fasting, long-term protein restriction, or supplementation. In 11-week-old pigs fasted overnight, plasma insulin, glucagon, gastrin, urea, and glucose were increased 30 min after re-feeding (P < 0.05), whereas IGF-I did not change. In 16-week-old gilts fed a standard commercial diet [14.6% crude protein (CP)], or a high-protein diet (16.7% CP) for 4 weeks, the high-protein diet increased weight gain (13%; P < 0.05) and carcass weight (4%; P < 0.05), but did not alter plasma IGF-I, insulin, or glucagon. In 10-week-old gilts fed high-protein diets (19.4% and 18.3% CP), or low-protein diets (15.5% and 13.3% CP) for 12 weeks during the grower and finisher phases, respectively, the low-protein diet decreased weight gain (18%; P < 0.001) and carcass weight (11%; P < 0.01), with a marked increase in plasma glucagon (P < 0.05), no change in insulin, and only a trend towards decreased IGF-I (P = 0.1). The pigs were more sensitive to altered dietary protein at 10 weeks of age than at 16 weeks. Plasma IGF-I was not responsive to the short-term effects of feeding or the long-term effects of dietary protein. Glucagon could provide a useful marker for nutritional status in young pigs, provided that time of feeding is taken into account.

Copper supplementation of pig diets. The effect of protein level and zinc supplementation on the response to added copper

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Hanrahan ◽  
J. F. O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Copper Toxicosis ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Copper Supplementation ◽  
Liver And Kidney

1. Five hundred and fifty-two pigs were used in an experiment having six treatments. High and low protein rations were given (a) unsupplemented, (b) supplemented with 0·1% copper sulphate (CuSO4·5H2O) and (c) supplemented with 0·1% copper sulphate and 0·025% zinc carbonate (ZnCO3).2. Performance was significantly reduced and 18 pigs died from copper toxicosis, when the low protein ration supplemented with copper sulphate was fed.3. There were no indications of toxicity and performance was equal to the controls when the low protein diet supplemented with copper and zinc was fed.4. The addition of copper to the high protein diet slightly reduced performance and six pigs died from copper toxicosis.5. The addition of copper and zinc to the high protein diet improved growth rate and eliminated the toxicity associated with copper supplementation.6. No significant treatment effects on haemoglobin or packed cell volume were observed, other than a small effect of protein level on PCV.7. Copper supplementation of the diets significantly increased liver and kidney copper levels and liver zinc levels. It reduced liver and kidney iron contents. The addition of copper and zinc to the diet reduced the increase in liver copper associated with copper supplementation, and increased the level of zinc in both livers and kidneys.

scholarly journals 274 Improved beef quality and yield in Wagyu compared to Angus sired cattle unaffected by protein supplementation during the late gestation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 103-103
Author(s):  
Xiangdong Liu ◽  
Natasha Moffitt-Hemmer ◽  
Jeanene Deavilla ◽  
Shannon Neibergs ◽  
Jan Busboom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Beef Quality ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Low Protein

Abstract Maternal nutrition during the late gestation affects marbling fat in offspring. Wagyu cattle are well known for their very high marbling with more unsaturated fatty acid contents, but they grow slower than Angus cattle. The interaction between maternal diet and breed on marbling fat development is unclear. To examine, Angus cows (621 ± 73kg) were selected and separated into two groups, bred with either Angus or Wagyu semen. During the last 90 d of gestation, cows in each group were further separated and received either a low protein diet (85% of the NRC metabolizable protein requirement), which mimics the protein intake common in Northwestern region when fed a wheat straw based diet, or a high protein diet (108% NRC requirement). All progeny were managed together and harvested at a final body weight of 576.5± 16.6 kg. For Wagyu sired offspring, marbling score and quality grade was higher than Angus (P &lt; 0.01), and also had higher Ribeye area (P = 0.07). The marbling scores were higher for the low protein diet for all except Wagyu steers. No difference was detected in KPH fat and the yield grade was higher for Wagyu sired cattle than Angus (P &lt; 0.01). In both diets, Angus offspring showed higher shear force (P &lt; 0.05). When grouped according to sex, higher marbling was observed in heifers (P &lt; 0.01). No difference was found in cooking yield, drip loss, but Wagyu sired offspring had thicker back fat than Angus (P &lt; 0.01). Within the high protein diet, Wagyu beef had higher linoleic acid content compared to Angus (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, Wagyu sired cattle had better quality and yield compared to Angus sired, and protein supplementation during the late gestation had no major effect on beef quality. (Supported by the USDA-NIFA grants 2015-67015-23219/2016-68006-24634 to MD)

Effect of dietary tannin and protein concentration on nematode infection (Trichostrongylus colubriformis) in lambs

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. BUTTER ◽  
J. M. DAWSON ◽  
D. WAKELIN ◽  
P. J. BUTTERY
Keyword(s):  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Protein Diets

The aim of this study was to determine whether the inclusion of a condensed tannin (quebracho tannin, QT) and/or the elevation of dietary protein could reduce Trichostrongylus colubriformis establishment and existence in the small intestine of lambs. Thirty-six lambs (mean liveweight 32·6±3·9 kg) were randomly allocated to one of six experimental groups, groups 1–5 were parasitized with a trickle infection of 3000 infective Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae daily, whilst group 6 remained as uninfected controls. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 222 g CP/kg (high protein) or 97 g CP/kg (low protein) with or without the inclusion of 50 g QT/kg. All six animal groups were fed the low protein diet, group 2 fed low protein diet+QT, for one month prior to infection (groups 1–5). Once nematode eggs were observed in the faeces, diets were abruptly changed in three experimental groups. Group 1 remained on the low protein diet, group 2 remained on the low protein+QT diet, group 3 changed to the high protein diet, group 4 changed to the high protein+QT diet, group 5 changed to the low protein+QT diet and group 6 remained uninfected and fed the low protein diet. Production, haematological and parasitological parameters were monitored at regular intervals. Results show that parasitized animals fed the high protein diet achieved growth rates similar to those of uninfected low protein-fed lambs. Inclusion of dietary QT did not depress liveweight gain. Total daily faecal egg counts declined after feeding the high protein diet. Inclusion of QT into the low protein diet also reduced faecal egg counts to similar levels observed in the high protein-fed lambs. The inclusion of QT into the high protein diet did not further reduce faecal egg counts. No significant differences in the haematological parameters measured were observed between infected animals (groups 1–5), suggesting that the beneficial effect of dietary QT in the low protein diet is unlikely to be mediated through an immune response. These data suggest that the inclusion of QT in low protein diets may be an alternative to feeding high protein diets to reduce nematode burden in lambs.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF HIGH PROTEIN DIETS ON EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Philipsborn ◽  
L. N. Katz ◽  
S. Rodbard
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Hypertension ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Experimental Renal Hypertension ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

The effect of high and low protein diets were studied on fourteen dogs in twenty-four different experiments. In only two of these animals, both with moderate renal excretory failure, was a reversible rise in blood pressure elicited by a high protein diet. The possible mechanisms involved in meeting an increased excretory load are discussed.

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