The primary features of an effective and efficient furrow opener include controlled soil disturbance and low draught and vertical force requirements. When integrated in a no-tillage seeding system, furrow openers should also have the ability to assist, and not hinder, the functions of seeding system components – such as maintaining adequate surface residue distribution, accurate and uniform placement of seeds and fertiliser, and regular inter-plant spacing. This review highlights how these goals are affected by opener type, geometry and settings, and soil and residue conditions. Typically, tine openers cause greater soil disturbance than disc openers whereas disc openers are likely to cause residue hairpinning. Winged tine openers reduce residue interference with seed placement and support greater lateral seed spread. Inverted-T openers can achieve subsurface soil shattering, which helps conserve moisture and provides good seed–soil contact. A tine opener with concave cutting edge reduces soil disturbance relative to straight and convex cutting edges. Increasing rake angle, tine width and operating depth increase degree of soil disturbance and draught requirement. Increasing forward speed reduces residue interference with sowing but might decrease the accuracy and uniformity of depth and separation of seed and fertiliser placement. Relative to common openers, bentleg openers have lower draught and penetration force requirements while combining minimal lateral soil throw with high furrow backfill, even at speeds of up to 16 km h–1. The performance of bentleg openers need to be evaluated under residue conditions and in cohesive and adhesive soils. Recommendations for future research are presented.
Modelling fluid injection-induced fracture activation, damage growth, seismicity occurrence and connectivity change in naturally fractured rocks