No-tillage furrow opener performance: a review of tool geometry, settings and interactions with soil and crop residue

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Kojo Atta Aikins ◽  
James B. Barr ◽  
Mustafa Ucgul ◽  
Troy A. Jensen ◽  
Diogenes L. Antille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rake Angle ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Furrow Opener ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Depth Increase

The primary features of an effective and efficient furrow opener include controlled soil disturbance and low draught and vertical force requirements. When integrated in a no-tillage seeding system, furrow openers should also have the ability to assist, and not hinder, the functions of seeding system components – such as maintaining adequate surface residue distribution, accurate and uniform placement of seeds and fertiliser, and regular inter-plant spacing. This review highlights how these goals are affected by opener type, geometry and settings, and soil and residue conditions. Typically, tine openers cause greater soil disturbance than disc openers whereas disc openers are likely to cause residue hairpinning. Winged tine openers reduce residue interference with seed placement and support greater lateral seed spread. Inverted-T openers can achieve subsurface soil shattering, which helps conserve moisture and provides good seed–soil contact. A tine opener with concave cutting edge reduces soil disturbance relative to straight and convex cutting edges. Increasing rake angle, tine width and operating depth increase degree of soil disturbance and draught requirement. Increasing forward speed reduces residue interference with sowing but might decrease the accuracy and uniformity of depth and separation of seed and fertiliser placement. Relative to common openers, bentleg openers have lower draught and penetration force requirements while combining minimal lateral soil throw with high furrow backfill, even at speeds of up to 16 km h–1. The performance of bentleg openers need to be evaluated under residue conditions and in cohesive and adhesive soils. Recommendations for future research are presented.

<i>No-tillage tine furrow opener performance: soil-tool-residue interactions, tool geometry and settings</i>

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kojo Atta Aikins ◽  
Diogenes L. Antille ◽  
Troy A. Jensen ◽  
James B. Barr ◽  
Mustafa Ucgul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tool Geometry ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Furrow Opener

scholarly journals Impact of Weed Control by Hand Tools on Soil Erosion under a No-Tillage System Cultivation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 974
Author(s):  
Rafael Blanco-Sepúlveda ◽  
Amilcar Aguilar-Carrillo ◽  
Francisco Lima
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tropical Mountains ◽  
Litter Cover ◽  
Vegetal Cover

In conservation agriculture, the no-tillage cultivation system and the retention of permanent vegetal cover are crucial to the control of soil erosion by water. This paper analyses the cultivation of maize under no-tillage, with particular reference to the effect produced on soil erosion when weed control is performed by a hand tool (machete), which disturbs the surface of the soil, and to the behavior of the soil cover in these circumstances. The study area is located in the humid tropical mountains of northern Nicaragua (Peñas Blancas Massif Nature Reserve). The results obtained show that 59.2% of the soil surface was affected by appreciable levels of sheet and splash erosion, although the vegetal cover of the soil was relatively high (with average weed and litter cover of 33.9% and 33.8%, respectively). The use of machetes for weed control provoked considerable soil disturbance, which explained the high rates of erosion observed. Moreover, this form of soil management disturbs the litter layer, making it less effective in preventing erosion. The litter remains loose on the soil surface, and so an increase in soil cover does not achieve a proportionate reduction in the area affected by erosion; thus, even with 80–100% weed and litter cover, 42% of the cultivated area continued to present soil erosion.

scholarly journals An experimental study on the effect of tool geometry on tool wear and surface roughness in hard turning

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 168781402095988
Author(s):  
Pham Minh Duc ◽  
Le Hieu Giang ◽  
Mai Duc Dai ◽  
Do Tien Sy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Hard Turning ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
Mixed Ceramic

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of tool geometry (cutting edge angle, rake angle, and inclination angle) and to optimize tool wear and surface roughness in hard turning of AISI 1055 (52HRC) hardened steel by using TiN coated mixed ceramic inserts. The results show that the inclination angle is the major factor affecting the tool wear and the surface roughness in hard turning. With the increase in negative rake and inclination angles, the tool wear decreases, and the surface roughness increases. However, the surface roughness will decrease when the inclination angle increases to overpass a certain limit. This is a new and significant point in the research of the hard turning process. From this result, the large negative inclination angle (λ = −10°) should be applied to reduce the surface roughness and the tool wear simultaneously. With the optimal cutting tool angles in the research, the hard machining process is improved remarkably with decreases of surface roughness and tool wear 8.3% and 41.3%, respectively in comparison with the standard tool angles. And the proposed tool-post design approach brings an effective method to change the tool insert angles using standard tool-holders to improve hard or other difficult-to-cut materials turning quality.

Increased weed emergence and seed bank depletion by soil disturbance in a no-tillage system

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Mulugeta ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Level Of Aggregation ◽  
Viable Seeds

The influence of secondary soil disturbance on the emergence pattern and seed bank depletion of an annual weed community in a long-term, no-tillage corn cropping system was determined in 1992 and 1993. As a component of this research, the seed bank was characterized prior to implementation of soil disturbance treatments. The seed bank was initially composed of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail, with approximately 55, 36, and 8% of the total viable seeds, respectively. The remaining 1% was comprised of five other species in 1992 and eight in 1993. The spatial distribution of viable seeds of each species, except common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed, was described by a negative binomial distribution. Three dispersion indices indicated that seeds of individual and total weed species were aggregated and that the level of aggregation of viable seeds of a species was associated with seed density; at lower seed densities, the level of aggregation was greater. Soil disturbance increased common lambsquarters emergence 6-fold in 1992 relative to nondisturbed soil, but did not influence emergence in 1993. Rainfall was about 50% less in 1993. In contrast, soil disturbance increased giant foxtail and redroot pigweed emergence approximately 6- and 3-fold in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Seedling emergence associated with soil disturbance, relative to nondisturbed soil, increased seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters 16-fold in 1992, and giant foxtail and redroot pigweed and average of 6- and 3-fold in 1992 and 1993, respectively. These results indicated that soil disturbance increased seedling emergence and seed bank depletion of the predominant species in the weed community of a long-term, no-tillage system, but that this response was dependent on rainfall for common lambsquarters.

Long-Term Tillage Effects on Seed Banks in Three Ohio Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cardina ◽  
Emilie Regnier ◽  
Kent Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Common Lambsquarters

Soils from long-term tillage plots at three locations in Ohio were sampled to determine composition and size of weed seed banks following 25 yr of continuous no-tillage, minimum-tillage, or conventional-tillage corn production. The same herbicide was applied across tillage treatments within each year and an untreated permanent grass sod was sampled for comparison. Seed numbers to a 15-cm depth were highest in the no-tillage treatment in the Crosby silt loam (77 800 m–2) and Wooster silt loam (8400 m–2) soils and in the grass sod (7400 m–2) in a Hoytville silty clay loam soil. Lowest seed numbers were found in conventional-tillage plots in the Wooster soil (400 m–2) and in minimum-tillage plots in the Crosby (2200 m–2) and Hoytville (400 m–2) soils. Concentration of seeds decreased with depth but the effect of tillage on seed depth was not consistent among soil types. Number of weed species was highest in permanent grass sod (10 to 18) and decreased as soil disturbance increased; weed populations were lowest in conventional tillage in the Hoytville soil. Common lambsquarters, pigweeds, and fall panicum were the most commonly found seeds in all soils. Diversity indices indicated that increased soil disturbance resulted in a decrease in species diversity. Weed populations the summer following soil sampling included common lambsquarters, pigweeds, fall panicum, and several species not detected in the seed bank.

Numerical Study of the Tool Rake Angle Effect on the Material Flow in Friction Stir Welding Process

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosein Atharifar ◽  
Radovan Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Friction Stir Welding ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Heat Transfer Analysis ◽  
Tool Geometry ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Tool Pin ◽  
Welding Processes

Minimizing consumed energy in friction stir welding (FSW) is one of the prominent considerations in the process development. Modifications of the FSW tool geometry might be categorized as the initial attempt to achieve a minimum FSW effort. Advanced tool pin and shoulder features as well as a low-conductive backing plate, high-conductive FSW tools equipped with cooling fins, and single or multi-step welding processes are all carried out to achieve a flawless weld with reduced welding effort. The outcomes of these attempts are considerable, primarily when the tool pin traditional designs are replaced with threaded, Trifiute or Trivex geometries. Nevertheless, the problem remains as to how an inclined tool affects the material flow characteristics and the loads applied to the tool. It is experimentally proven that a positive rake angle facilitates the traverse motion of the FSW tool; however, few computational evidences were provided. In this study, numerical material flow and heat transfer analysis are carried out for the presumed tool rake angle ranging from −4° to 4°. Afterwards, the effects of the tool rake angle to the dynamic pressure distribution, strain-rates, and velocity profiles are numerically computed. Furthermore, coefficients of drag, lift, and side force and moment applied to the tool from the visco-plastic material region are computed for each of the tool rake angles. Eventually, this paper confirms that the rake angle dramatically affects the magnitude of the loads applied to the FSW tool, and the developed advanced numerical model might be used to find optimum tool rake angle for other aluminum alloys.

scholarly journals Tillage Variables for Peanut Production

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Colvin ◽  
B. J. Brecke ◽  
E. B. Whitty
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Effects of minimum tillage (MT) production techniques on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root growth and yield were unknown. Field experiments were therefore conducted during 1984 near Williston and Marianna, FL and during 1985 near Williston and Jay, FL to evaluate effects of surface and subsurface tillage on peanut production. Soil types were a Zuber loamy sand (fine, mixed hyperthermic Ultic Hapludalf) at Williston, a Chipola sandy loam (loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Hapludult) at Marianna, and a Red Bay sandy loam (fine, loamy, siliceous, thermic Rhodic Paleudult) at Jay. The Sunrunner peanut cultivar was planted using a modified twin 23 cm row spacing and seeded at a rate of 140 kg/ha. Eight tillage systems that included combinations of conventional tillage, strip-tillage, and no-tillage with and without subsoiling or subsurface slitting were evaluated. Peanuts germinated and grew well except in no-tillage plots that received no subsurface tillage. Without surface or subsurface tillage there was not sufficient soil disturbance to insure proper seed-soil contact or seed cover. Generally, plots that received some degree of conventional tillage yielded better than plots with no surface preparation (4090 vs. 3760 kg/ha avg.). Minimum tillage plots yielded numerically less than conventional plots but in only a few cases were significant differences in yield noted. At most locations, minimum tillage plots that received no subsurface tillage developed a “lazy root syndrome” in which the few roots produced were quite shallow and grew near the soil surface. These treatments yielded less (3680 vs. 4010 kg/ha avg.) than those with conventional seedbed preparation or the minimum tillage treatments receiving subsurface tillage. Root strength and penetration measurements roughly reflect the same trends as peanut yields. The slit-tillage system resulted in peanut yields equal to or better than those obtained with chisel point subsoiling. Slitter wear and breakage problems were encountered but overall, the subsurface slit system appears to be a functional alternative to chisel point subsoiling.

Cutting Forces in Orthogonal Cutting of Unidirectional GFRP Composites

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Caprino ◽  
L. Nele
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Orthogonal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Rake Angle ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Fibre Direction ◽  
Unit Width ◽  
Relief Angle

The results of orthogonal cutting tests carried out on unidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastic composites, using HSS tools, are presented and discussed. During the tests, performed on a milling machine at very low cutting speed to avoid thermal effects, the cutting speed was held constant and parallel to the fibre direction. Three parameters, namely the tool rake angle α, the tool relief angle γ, and the depth of cut t, were varied. According to the experimental results, the horizontal force per unit width, Fhu, undergoes a dramatic decrease, never verified for metals, with increasing α. Besides, Fhu is only negligibly affected by the relief angle, and linearly increases with t. Similarly to metals, an effect of the depth of cut on the specific energy (size effect) is found also for composites. However, the presented results indicate that the size effect can be analytically modeled in a simple way in the case of composites. The vertical force per unit width, Fvu, exhibits a marked reduction when the relief angle is increased. Fvu, is also very sensitive to the rake angle: the lower α the higher is Fvu. It is shown that this behavior probably reflects a strong influence of the rake angle on the forces developing at the flank. A linear dependence of the vertical force on the depth of cut is also demonstrated. Finally, the experimental data are utilized to obtain empirical formulae, allowing an approximate evaluation of cutting forces.

scholarly journals Development of a dual sideway-share subsurface tillage implement: Part 2. Effect of tool geometry on tillage forces and soil disturbance characteristics

2022 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 105200
Author(s):  
Seyed Hasan Hoseinian ◽  
Abbas Hemmat ◽  
Ali Esehaghbeygi ◽  
Gholamhossein Shahgoli ◽  
Alireza Baghbanan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Tool Geometry
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