Relationship of Seed Sowing Methods and Feeding Regimen With the Development of Cotton Root

Annotation: According to the obtained 3-year data, changes in planting methods and feeding regime of the "Sultan" variety lead to rapid growth of the root system, early growth of the main root and different levels of (orderly) roots, better absorption activity, 35-38 cm of biomass. Allows to increase by 1.5-1.8 times.

A Comparison of Drill and Broadcast Planting Methods for Biomass Production of Two Legume Cover Crops

The effects of drill and broadcast planting methods on cover crop biomass production depend on various environmental and operational factors. We investigated whether drilling and broadcasting result in different amounts of biomass production by crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) in the upstate of South Carolina, and results vary when seeding rates are increased by 50% from the standard value (22.4 kg ha−1). Field trials were conducted during the fall–winter of 2019–2020 (season one) and 2020–2021 (season two) at the Piedmont Research and Education Center in Pendleton, SC, USA. Cover crop (hairy vetch, crimson clover), planting method (broadcast, drill), and seeding rate (standard, high) treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial in both years. Aboveground biomass was measured after 22.5 weeks from planting. At standard seeding rates, crimson clover produced a higher biomass when drilled, rather than broadcasted, whereas biomass production did not vary for hairy vetch. Even with 50% higher seeding rates, broadcasting did not always produce the same biomass as that of drilling for crimson clover. Our results suggest that the advantage of drilling over broadcasting depends upon the cover crop species, as crimson clover responds well to drilling, whereas hairy vetch does not.

Persepsi Petani Terhadap Metode Tanam Dan Tingkat Keberhasilan Usaha Tani Padi Di Desa Rajang Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Pinrang

Penelitian ini bertujuan 1) Untuk mengetahui bagaimana persepsi petani terhadap metode tanam di Desa Rajang Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Pinrang 2) Untuk mengetahui bagaimana tingkat keberhasilan usahatani padi di Desa Rajang Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Pinrang penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan september sampai oktober. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah statistik des Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teknik observasi, wawancara dan kuisioner dan sumber data yang digunakan yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah statsitik deskriptif dan skala likert. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi petani terhadap metode tanam jajar legowo dan tingkat keberhasilan usahatani padi diperoleh nilai 1.172 berada pada kategori (sangat tinggi) dikarenakan indikator pertanyaan yang diajukan yaitu meningkatkan hasil produktivitas mendapatkan respon yang sangat baik/ sangat setuju, sedangkan persepsi petani terhadap metode tanam tradisional memperoleh nilai 885 berada pada kategori ( tinggi) hal ini menunjukkan bahwa persepsi petani terhadap metode tanam tradisional tergolong tidak cukup baik dibandingkan dengan metode tanam jajar legowo yang di anggap memberikan banyak keuntungan dan meningkatkan hasil produksi. This study aims 1) To find out how farmers perception of planting methods in the village of Rajang Lembang District Pinrang 2) To know how the success rate of rice farming in the village of Rajang Lembang District Pinrang this research was conducted in September to October. Data collection techniques used in this study are statistics des Methods used in this study, namely observation techniques, interviews and questionnaires and data sources used i.e. primary data and secondary data. The data analysis used in this study is descriptive statistics and the Likert scale. The results showed that farmers' perception of legowo row planting method and the success rate of rice farming obtained a value of 1,172 is in the category (very high) because the indicators of the question asked are improving productivity results get a very good response / strongly agree, while the perception of farmers to traditional planting methods obtained a value of 885 is in the category ( high) this indicates that the perception of farmers to traditional planting methods is not good enough compared to the method of planting legowo row which is considered to provide a lot of advantages and increase the yield of production.

Community Structure and Co-Occurrence Network Analysis of Bacteria and Fungi in Wheat Fields vs Fruit Orchards

Soil microorganisms play a vital role in biogeochemical processes and nutrient turnover in agricultural ecosystems. However, the information on how the structure and co-occurrence patterns of microbial communities respond to the change of planting methods is still limited. In this study, a total of 34 soil samples were collected from 17 different fields of two planting types (wheat and orchards) along the Taige Canal in Yangtze River Delta. The distribution and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in soil were determined using amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene and ITS gene, respectively. The dominated bacteria were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes. The relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes was higher in the orchards, while Chloroflexi and Nitrospirota were more abundant in wheat fields. Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota were the predominant fungi in both types of soils. The diversity of bacterial and fungal communities was greater in the wheat fields than in the orchards. The statistical analyses showed that pH was the main factor shaping the community structure. Moreover, high co-occurrence patterns of bacteria and fungi were confirmed in both wheat fields and orchards. Network analyses showed that both the wheat fields and orchards occurred modular structure, which mainly contained nodes of Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota, Nitrospirota and Ascomycota. In summary, our work showed the co-occurrence network and the convergence/divergence of microbial community structure in wheat fields and orchards, giving a comprehensive understanding of the microbe-microbe interaction during planting methods changes.

​Quality Characters of Tannia [Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.). Schott] as Affected by Tillage, Planting Methods, Plant Nutrition and Application of Soil Conditioners

Background: Tannia is one of the six most important root and tuber crops grown world-wide. Tannia possess good keeping quality compared to other vegetables. The tubers are considered more nutritious than colocasia and potato. But the crop is still under-exploited compared to other tuber crops. Hence the study was undertaken to identify the effect of tillage and nutrition on quality characters of tannia. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during 2014-15 to study the effect of organic nutrition on quality characters of tannia. The design used was split plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of tillage and planting methods as main plot treatments (L1- conventional tillage followed by pit system, L2- conventional tillage followed by mound system, L3- deep tillage followed by pit system and L4- deep tillage followed by mound system). The sub plot treatments were combinations of soil conditioners (S1- control, S2- coir pith, S3- rice husk) and two nutrition systems (N1- integrated nutrient management (INM) and N2- organic nutrition). Result: Results of the experiment revealed that the quality characters of tannia was improved by deep tillage to a depth of 30 cm followed by pit system of planting, application of coir pith as soil conditioner @ 500 g plant-1 and organic nutrition (FYM @37.5 t ha-1 + wood ash @ 2 t ha-1).

Combined Application of Compost, Zeolite and a Raised Bed Planting Method Alleviate Salinity Stress and Improve Cereal Crop Productivity in Arid Regions

Soil salinity and climate change have a negative impact on global food production and security, especially in arid regions with limited water resources. Despite the importance of planting methods, irrigation, and soil amendments in improving crop yield, their combined impact on saline soil properties and cereal crop yield is unknown. Therefore, the current study investigated the combined effect of soil amendments (i.e., compost, C and zeolite, Z) and planting methods such as raised bed (M1) and conventional (M2), and different fractions of leaching requirements from irrigation water, such as 5% (L1) and 10% (L2), on the soil physio-chemical properties and wheat and maize productivity in an arid region. The combined application of C + Z, L2, and M1 decreased soil salinity (EC) and sodicity (ESP) after wheat production by 37.4 and 28.0%, respectively, and significantly decreased by these factors by 41.0 and 43.0% after a maize growing season. Accordingly, wheat and maize yield increased by 16.0% and 35.0%, respectively under such a combination of treatments, when compared to crops grown on unamended soil, irrigated with lower leaching fraction and planted using conventional methods. This demonstrates the significance of using a combination of organic and inorganic amendments, appropriate leaching requirements and the raised bed planting method as an environmentally friendly approach to reclaiming saline soils and improving cereal crop production, which is required for global food security.

Physiological Responses of Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima Seedlings to Repeated Drought-Rewatering Under Different Planting Methods

Changing precipitation patterns have aggravated the existing uneven water distribution, leading to the alternation of drought and rewatering. Based on this variation, we studied species, namely, Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus acutissima, with different root forms and water regulation strategy to determine physiological responses to repeated drought-rewatering under different planting methods. Growth, physiological, and hydraulic traits were measured using pure and mixed planting seedlings that were subjected to drought, repeated drought-rewatering (i.e., treatments), and well-irrigated seedlings (i.e., control). Drought had negative effects on plant functional traits, such as significantly decreased xylem water potential (Ψmd), net photosynthetic rate (AP), and then height and basal diameter growth were slowed down, while plant species could form stress imprint and adopt compensatory mechanism after repeated drought-rewatering. Mixed planting of the two tree species prolonged the desiccation time during drought, slowed down Ψmd and AP decreasing, and after rewatering, plant functional traits could recover faster than pure planting. Our results demonstrate that repeated drought-rewatering could make plant species form stress imprint and adopt compensatory mechanism, while mixed planting could weaken the inhibition of drought and finally improve the overall drought resistance; this mechanism may provide a theoretical basis for afforestation and vegetation restoration in the warm temperate zone under rising uneven spatiotemporal water distribution.

Increased Number of Spikelets per Panicle Is the Main Factor in Higher Yield of Transplanted vs. Direct-Seeded Rice

With increasing water shortages and labor costs, rice planting is gradually undergoing a transformation from traditional transplanting to direct seeding. However, the yield of direct-seeded rice is unstable and the reasons for this instability are disputed. Therefore, we established a field experiment conducted over 3 years to investigate the reasons for the difference in rice yield under different planting methods. The planting methods compared were transplanting (TR), broadcast sowing (BS), and sowing in line (SL). The yield of rice under TR was higher (10,390 kg ha−1) than that of BS (7790.7 kg ha−1) and SL (9105.2 kg ha−1). Given that the harvest index showed little variation among the three planting methods, the yield differences reflected that shoot dry matter production under TR was higher. Two reasons for the latter observation are suggested: (1) the planting density under TR was lower than that under BS and SL, thus competition for nutrient resources would have been reduced; (2) the growth period of TR was longer. The higher shoot dry matter accumulation under TR contributed to enhanced panicle number per m2 and number of spikelets per panicle than under BS. A significant correlation between number of spikelets per panicle and yield was observed. Although yield was highest under TR, the costs under TR were the highest among the three planting methods. In contrast, the benefit-to-cost ratio under SL was higher than that of TR and BS. The higher yield under TR reflected the production of larger spikelets per panicle than those produced under direct-seeding methods. However, the benefits of SL are conducive to enhanced profitability of rice production.