Gangs and Drug Supply

2019 ◽  
pp. 143-174
Author(s):  
Robert McLean
Keyword(s):  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Research Context ◽  
Book Discussion ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
The Social ◽  
Structure And Activity

While chapter 4 sought to explore organisational and structural properties, chapter 5 sought to provide a generic and largely descriptive account of gang activities sin relation to level of gang organisation. Chapter 6 looks to build upon structure and activity by specifically focusing upon one, and the main, type of activity in which gangs are found to operate within. This is illegal drug supply. By doing so chapter 6 adds the relevance of context to the book discussion. The chapter opens by re-examining the supply of illegal drugs into the British Isles, and more specifically the research context (i.e. Scotland). The chapter then proceeds to outline how drug supply works in relation to context and specific level of gang organisation. YSGs are found to mainly be engaged in the social supply of drugs. YCGs are found to be involved anywhere between retail-level and wholesale drug supply. OCGs are found to be involved in importation and high-end wholesaling of drugs in the county. In addition, OCGs are also found to engage in illegal-governance and thus control to varying degrees the activities of lesser gang types within drug markets.

Emergence and Change

County Lines ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Simon Harding
Keyword(s):  
Street Gangs ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Street Gang ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Locations

This chapter discusses why and how county lines drug-supply networks began to emerge in provincial towns across the United Kingdom. It sets out several pre-conditions (variables) which, once ripened, led to the creation of county lines drug-supply networks as they are now known. The chapter also details how street gangs have evolved, leading the social field of the urban street gang into a state of flux. Contributing to this flux are new affiliates with new aspirations to seek out and create competitive advantage by locating and exploiting dormant domestic drug markets in new locations. The chapter then outlines the push–pull factors which make a county line host location attractive. It establishes the Evolutionary Models of CL Networks, creating a typology of different UK county line models increasingly adopting business modes of professionalisation and sophistication.

Street Life, Crime and (Dis)Organised Crime

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-142
Author(s):  
Robert McLean
Keyword(s):  
Organised Crime ◽  
Street Life ◽  
Research Context ◽  
Gang Activity ◽  
Secondary Role ◽  
Broad Audience ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
Structure And Activity ◽  
Generic Sense

Following on from the theme of the last chapter which highlighted the formation, membership process, and other structural characterises of gang types in the research context, this chapter continue by presenting the gang, again within the typology framework, and explores gang activity in a more generic sense. In doing so the chapter looks to present what is essentially a descriptive account of the collective and individualistic behaviour which is most commonly associated with each level of gang typology. While structure and activity, are always intertwined and feed off each other, nonetheless the purpose of this chapter is primarily to be descriptive, with structure largely being allotted a secondary role. This is largely because; a) the chapter is aimed at a broad audience, and b) the chapter is merely looking to attribute some degree of activity to the relevant typology, which can be vast at the lower end of gang spectrum.

scholarly journals The Demobilization of Class Politics in Denmark: The Social Democratic Party’s Group-Based Appeals 1961–2004

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Thau
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
General Level ◽  
Social Democratic Party ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Class Politics ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Democratic Parties ◽  
Social Democratic Parties

Abstract In Denmark, as in other Western European countries, the working class does not vote for social democratic parties to the same extent as before. Yet, what role did the social democratic parties themselves play in the demobilization of class politics? Building on core ideas from public opinion literature, this article differs from the focus on party policy positions in previous work and, instead, focuses on the group-based appeals of the Social Democratic Party in Denmark. Based on a quantitative content analysis of party programs between 1961 and 2004, I find that, at the general level, class-related appeals have been replaced by appeals targeting non-economic groups. At the specific level, the class-related appeals that remain have increasingly been targeting businesses at the expense of traditional left-wing groups such as wage earners, tenants and pensioners. These findings support a widespread hypothesis that party strategy was crucial in the decline of class politics, but also suggests that future work on class mobilization should adopt a group-centered perspective.

Hands off the metadata!: Comparing the use of explicit and background metadata in crowdsourced dialectology

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamsin Blaxter ◽  
David Britain
Keyword(s):  
Language Variation ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Background Information ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dialect Variation ◽  
Regional Dialect

Abstract In this article we assess the extent to which we can collect plausible data about regional dialect variation using crowdsourcing techniques – the BBC Future Survey – without explicitly gathering any user metadata, but relying instead on background information collected by Google Analytics. In order to do this, we compare this approach with another crowdsourced survey, operated from a smartphone application, which examines the same site – the British Isles – but which explicitly asks users to submit detailed social background information – the English Dialects App (EDA) (Leemann et al. 2018). The EDA has the disadvantage that there is a considerable user drop-off between completing the dialect survey and completing the social metadata questionnaire. The BBC Future Survey, however, only collects information on where users are physically located when they complete the survey – not where they are from or even where they live. Results show that the BBC Future Survey produces a plausible snapshot of regional dialect variability that can complement other more sophisticated (expensive, time-consuming) approaches to investigating language variation and change. We suggest the approach constitutes a digital-era rapid anonymous survey along the lines of Labov (1972), serving similar aims, with similar success, but on a much much larger scale.

scholarly journals Tattoos and IP Norms

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Perzanowski
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
The Social ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Music Film

The U.S. tattoo industry generates billions of dollars in annual revenue. Like the music, film, and publishing industries, it derives value from the creation of new, original works of authorship. But unlike rights holders in those more traditional creative industries, tattoo artists rarely assert formal legal rights in disputes over copying or ownership of the works they create. Instead, tattooing is governed by a set of nuanced, overlapping, and occasionally contradictory social norms enforced through informal sanctions. And in contrast to other creative communities that rely on social norms because of the unavailability of formal intellectual property protection, the tattoo industry opts for self-governance despite the comfortable fit of its creative output within the protections of the Copyright Act.This Article relies on qualitative interview data drawn from more than a dozen face-to-face conversations with professionals in the tattoo industry. Based on those interviews, it offers a descriptive account of the social norms that have effectively displaced formal law within the tattoo community, provides a set of complementary cultural and economic explanations for the development of those norms, and outlines the broader implications of this research for intellectual property law and policy.

On the Resilience of Illegal Drug Markets

Global Crime ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Drug Markets

Adults Researching Pre-Schoolers in More-Than-Human Contexts

2019 ◽  
pp. 110-143
Author(s):  
Fiona Scott ◽  
Jo Bird
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Educational Research ◽  
School Children ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Research Context ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Childhood Play ◽  
The Social ◽  
Child Centered ◽  
Researcher Identity

Drawing on their reflective conversations, the authors argue that existing educational research paradigms may be insufficient for understanding how researchers are mutually affecting, and affected by, encounters with both the human and more-than-human, as spoken of in Rautio and Jokinen, whilst engaging in ethnographic research with pre-school children. Through empirically grounded reflections in the social and material spaces of kindergartens and family homes, we aim to reflect and raise critical questions about existing educational research paradigms, focusing on: 1. The intrinsic tensions between child-centered and post-human paradigms. 2. The (in)stability of researcher identity in the Anthropocene. 3. The unique research context(s) of early childhood play. The chapter concludes by proposing for debate several new norms for the kind of ‘identity work' in which researchers grappling with the emergent post-human and Anthropocentric traditions might consider engaging.

scholarly journals Gendering research on online illegal drug markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 457-466
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fleetwood ◽  
Judith Aldridge ◽  
Caroline Chatwin
Keyword(s):  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Drug Markets

scholarly journals The variable and evolving nature of ‘cuckooing’ as a form of criminal exploitation in street level drug markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Spicer ◽  
Leah Moyle ◽  
Ross Coomber
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Criminal Exploitation ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dominant Narratives ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA form of criminal exploitation rarely mentioned in the academic literature has recently emerged, evolved and taken meaningful hold in the UK. Hundreds of cases of ‘cuckooing’ have been reported, where heroin and crack cocaine dealers associated with the so-called ‘County Lines’ supply methodology have taken over the homes of local residents and created outposts to facilitate their supply operations in satellite locations. Dominant narratives surrounding this practice have stressed its exploitative nature and the vulnerabilities of those involved. Combining qualitative data from two studies, this paper critically analyses the model of cuckooing and the experiences of those affected. In turn it explores the impact of County Lines on affected areas and local populations, a topic that has received little academic scrutiny. Four typologies of cuckooing are constructed, highlighting its variance and complexity. Findings also suggest it to be a growing method of criminal exploitation beyond drug supply with a possible burgeoning presence being realised internationally.

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