Book Review: Reid, S. and Valasik, M., Alt-Right Gangs: A Hazy Shade of White.

In the book, Alt-Right Gangs: A Hazy Shade of White, authors Shannon E. Reid and Matthew Valasik begin by advocating for alternative rights gangs to be included in research about street gang activity. Reid and Valasik explain the extent of youth activity in the White Power Movement (WPM). For years, white youth participating in white power movement activities have been excluded from research (Reid and Valasik, 2020). This book aims to provide researchers, scholars, and criminal justice practitioners a great insight into the structure of these alt-right gangs to push for their inclusion in future research (Reid and Valasik, 2020). According to our authors, these youth have been excluded from research because no precise definition defines this group (Reid and Valasik, 2020). These youth have been misclassified when being compared to traditional street gangs. Several definitions have been provided that do not adequately describe these youth.

From the Hood to the Home: Masculinity Maturation of Chicago Street Gang Members

This study draws on interviews with 29 former gang members to investigate changes in masculinity practices over time, which we term masculinity maturation. We find that perceptions of masculinity embodied dominant values while in the gang as well as later in the life course. For instance, respondents expressed that men should always act with respect, honor, and integrity toward others. We observed changes, however, in the ways that men accomplished their masculinities reflecting individuals’ shifting perceptions about the gang’s ability to be a resource to gain a masculine identity. Perceptions that the gang was not upholding masculine values spurred masculinity dilemmas that were associated with new dominant practices of masculinity centered on different social institutions like family, work, and religion as they grew older. The level of masculinity maturation that took place was linked to the strength of incongruence between perceptions of age-appropriate masculinity and gang masculinity.

Comparison of Smoking Habits and Coffee Consumption In Adolescents Against Hemoglobin Levels In Mojoroto Kediri City

Cigarettes are processed tobacco using or without addictive substances. The increasing of hemoglobin in smokers due to the content of carbon monoxide causes hemolysis of erythrocytes that is stronger than oxygen, so that hemoglobin increases. In addition to smoking, the society's habit is about coffee consumption. Coffee is a beverage with high polyphenols. The decreasing of hemoglobin occurs when drinking too much coffee. It will reduce the absorption of iron and erythrocytes ability to deliver oxygen from the lungs to all tissues in the body, therefore the hemoglobin will decrease. One of the laboratory tests that is used to see hemoglobin levels in smokers and coffee consumers is the POCT method of hemoglobin examination. The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of the effect between smoking and coffee consumption on hemoglobin levels in adolescents on the streets of Mejenan Gang 3 Mojoroto Kediri. The method that is used in this research is comparative study and the sampling technique that is used purposive sampling with a sample size of 40 respondents. The results show that 10 adolescents (50%) had abnormal hemoglobin levels and 10 adolescents (50%) had normal hemoglobin levels. 5 teenagers (25%) had abnormal hemoglobin levels and 15 (75%) normal hemoglobin levels. Based on statistical tests, the results obtain p-value 0.423 and> 0.05. So it can be concluded that there is a moderate effect between cigarettes and coffee on hemoglobin levels in adolescents on Mejenan Street Gang 3 Mojoroto Kediri.

Involuntary return migration: New Zealand urban street gang transfer to Samoan village settings.

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Involuntary return migration: New Zealand urban street gang transfer to Samoan village settings.

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Changes in Personal Social Networks across Individuals Leaving Their Street Gang: Just What Are Youth Leaving Behind?

Despite a small but growing literature on gang disengagement and desistance, little is known about how social networks and changes in networks correspond to self-reported changes in street gang membership over time. The current study describes the personal or “ego” network composition of 228 street gang members in two east coast cities in the United States. The study highlights changes in personal network composition associated with changes in gang membership over two waves of survey data, describing notable differences between those who reported leaving their gang and fully disengaging from their gang associates, and those who reported leaving but still participate and hang out with their gang friends. Results show some positive changes (i.e., reductions) in criminal behavior and many changes toward an increase in prosocial relationships for those who fully disengaged from their street gang, versus limited changes in both criminal behavior and network composition over time for those who reported leaving but remained engaged with their gang. The findings suggest that gang intervention programs that increase access to or support building prosocial relationships may assist the gang disengagement process and ultimately buoy desistance from crime. The study also has implications for theorizing about gang and crime desistance, in that the role of social ties should take a more central role.

Nad zalew bym sobie pojechał

Malgorzata Michel, PhD at Jagiellonian University works at the Institute of Education. Her research focuses mainly on local prevention and rehabilitation systems, studying activity of the „street children” afiliating with youth gang activity and deviant hooligan groups in the context of urban studies. The presented text is the outcome of taking part in Mikolaj Grynberg’s workshops focusing on writing about city memory and personal stories in years 2019-2020. Malgorzata Michel combines being a qualitative researcher set in ethnomethodology and writing skills achieved on later mentioned workshops. Her text is an outcome of a process starting with and interview with a teenage hooligan, ex street gang member. Finally, the author showcases a way to present qualitative data in form of a reportage.

ROLE OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKS IN INTERGROUP CONFLICTS

The research background relates to the intergroup conflicts involving some street gangs in Johar Baru Sub District, Central Jakarta. Most of the street gangs in Johar Baru Sub District have each territory. Small matters from mocking one another, miscommunication to rumors which jeopardize the power of the street gangs, can trigger a serious thing: brawls with high fatality rate for several days. The research aims to analyze the pattern of rivalry and alliance network established among the street gangs. This study uses a quantitative approach. The research methods analyzed ego-centered communication networks. After analyzing the communication networks, the inter-group mapping was obtained and in turn, it would be useful as a means of a communication intervention to reduce and prevent inter-group conflicts. Data collection was carried out in a kind of a census towards 40 street gangs in Johar Baru Sub-District and it got the support of the in-depth interviews with several key informants. Research results shows: the communication networks analysis reveal that rivalry and alliance among the street gangs have positioned Gembrong street gang as the centre of rivalry and alliance with the radial communication pattern indices of low network density (10.71 for the rivalry network; 0.00 for the alliance network) and low network closure (0.10 for rivalry network and 0.00 for alliance network). This research contributes to identify which groups have a bigger role in intergroup conflicts.

Street Gang Intervention: Review and Good Lives Extension

Tackling street gangs has recently been highlighted as a priority for public health. In this paper, the four components of a public health approach were reviewed: (1) surveillance, (2) identifying risk and protective factors, (3) developing and evaluating interventions at primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary intervention stages, and (4) implementation of evidence-based programs. Findings regarding the effectiveness of prevention and intervention programs for street gang members were mixed, with unclear goals/objectives, limited theoretical foundation, and a lack of consistency in program implementation impeding effectiveness at reducing street gang involvement. This paper proposes that the Good Lives Model (GLM), a strengths-based framework for offender rehabilitation, provides an innovative approach to street gang intervention. Utilizing approach-goals, the GLM assumes that improving an individual’s internal skills and external opportunities will reduce the need to become involved in street gangs. Wrapping the GLM framework around current evidence-based interventions (e.g., Functional Family Therapy) increases client engagement and motivation to change, which is notably poor amongst those at risk of, or involved in, street gangs.