scholarly journals Trade Liberalization, Deindustrialization, and Inequality: Evidence from Middle-Income Latin American Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Ariel Bogliaccini
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Latin American Countries

Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Inequality: Evidence from a Group of Middle-Income Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hsi Huang ◽  
Kai-Fang Teng ◽  
Pan-Long Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Outward Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Latin American Countries

Using panel data of a group of 39 middle-income countries over 1981–2006, this paper examines how globalization in general and inward and outward FDI in particular affects inequality. Depending on geographical region and economic system, each component of globalization affects inequality in three groups of countries in different ways: open to inward FDI tends to affect income distribution adversely in transition economies and Latin American countries, but marginally improves income distribution in countries of the reference group. In contrast, open to outward FDI is positively associated with inequality in the reference group whereas negatively associated with that of the other two groups of countries. Crucially, improvement in human capital appears to be the single most reliable way to reduce inequality.

Do Remittances Attract Foreign Direct Investment? An Empirical Investigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hem C. Basnet ◽  
Kamal P. Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Latin American Countries

Remittances are a major source of household income in many Asian, African, and Latin American countries. Households spend a significant portion of remittances on health and education. Given that human capital is one of the primary determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, this study develops a model in which remittances are one of several determinants of the observed variation in FDI. The model is estimated using data from a group of 35 middle-income countries from Latin America, Asia–Pacific, and Africa. The estimated results ascribe no significance to remittances in explaining cross-country variation in FDI. However, geographically-disaggregated estimated results do establish a positive effect for African countries, no significant effect for Latin American countries, and a negative effect for the Asia–Pacific region.

Insiders, Outsiders, Skills, and Preferences for Social Protection: Evidence From a Survey Experiment in Argentina

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402110243
Author(s):  
Irene Menéndez González
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Latin American Countries

Standard theories in comparative political economy predict that labor market insiders oppose redistribution to poorer, often informal, labor market outsiders. In contrast, I argue that not all insiders oppose redistribution to outsiders. Extending recent work emphasizing the importance of economic insecurity for insiders, I argue that exposure to risk leads to greater polarization regarding preferences for non-contributory social policy between low- and high-skilled insiders. I test implications of this logic using a survey experiment from a nationally representative sample in Argentina and complement this with analysis of observational data for 16 Latin American countries. I find strong evidence of polarization regarding preferences over social protection among low- and high-skilled insiders. The experiment reveals that low (high)-skilled insiders primed about the risk of becoming outsiders become more supportive of transfers to outsiders (insiders). The article provides new micro-foundations for insider–outsider coalitions in support of social policy expansion in middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Costs of an Alcohol Measurement Intervention in Three Latin American Countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
Adriana Solovei ◽  
Jakob Manthey ◽  
Peter Anderson ◽  
Liesbeth Mercken ◽  
Eva Jané Llopis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Measurement Session ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Standard Training ◽  
Latin American Countries

Alcohol measurement in health care settings is an effective intervention for reducing alcohol-related harm. However, in many countries, costs related to alcohol measurement have not yet been transparently assessed, which may hinder its adoption and implementation. Costs of an alcohol measurement programme in three upper-middle-income Latin American countries were assessed via questionnaires and compared, as part of the quasi-experimental SCALA study. Additional to the intervention costs, the costs of three implementation strategies: standard training and clinical package, intensive training and clinical package, and community support, were assessed and subsequently translated into costs per additional alcohol measurement session. Results demonstrated that costs for one alcohol measurement session ranged between Int$ 0.67 and Int$ 1.23 in Colombia, Int$ 1.19 and Int$ 2.57 in Mexico, and Int$ 1.11 and Int$ 2.14 in Peru. Costs were mainly driven by the salaries of the health professionals. Implementation strategies costs per additional alcohol measurement session ranged between Int$ 1.24 and Int$ 6.17. In all three countries, standard training and a clinical package may be a promising implementation strategy with a relatively low cost per additional alcohol measurement session.

scholarly journals Improved real-time influenza surveillance using Internet search data in eight Latin American countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Clemente ◽  
Fred Lu ◽  
Mauricio Santillana
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Machine Learning Method ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Search Activity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Search Data ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractA real-time methodology for monitoring flu activity in middle income countries that is simultaneously accurate and generalizable has not yet been presented. We demonstrate here that a self-correcting machine learning method leveraging Internet-based search activity produces reliable and timely flu estimates in multiple Latin American countries.

Does Tariff Liberalization Promote Trade? Latin American Countries in the Long-Run (1900-2000)

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Nenci ◽  
Carlo Pietrobelli
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Rule Based System ◽  
Times Series ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Tariff Liberalization ◽  
Trade Growth ◽  
Latin American Countries

This paper estimates the effect of trade liberalization on import performance of selected Latin American countries (which account for about 85 per cent of total Latin America imports). The novelty of this study is that it applies a long-term approach covering the whole XX century using times series and panel data analyses. The empirical exercise shows that the relationship between (lower) tariffs and import growth in Latin America cannot be taken for granted, as it often happens in the literature, and whenever it exists, it is not always quantitatively substantial. In particular, our analysis shows the existence of a long run relationship between tariffs and imports only from the second half of the XX century. It follows that trade liberalization appears effective in fostering Latin America's trade growth only when integrated within a wider process, implying a multilateral and negotiated approach to trade policy. In this sense, multilateral and regional agreements appear to have played a key role not only through tariff reduction but remarkably thanks to the creation of a rule-based system governing global trade relations, through which uncertainty was reduced and the spread of best practices promoted. This result would confirm the thesis of those who endorse the existence of a formalized trading system to guarantee tariff liberalization and foster trade growth.

scholarly journals Male-On-Male Child and Adolescent Sexual Abuse in the Caribbean Region of Colombia: A Secondary Analysis of Medico-Legal Reports

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8248
Author(s):  
Elsa Lucia Escalante-Barrios ◽  
Sergi Fàbregues ◽  
Julio Meneses ◽  
María del Mar García-Vita ◽  
Daladier Jabba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Adolescent Sexual Abuse ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Latin American Countries

Child and adolescent sexual abuse (CSA) is an important global health problem, especially in non-Western low- and middle-income countries. A number of studies have indicated that, in Latin American countries, male CSA is phenomenon of great concern. However, research on this topic is seriously lacking, and more specifically, on male-on-male CSA. We carried out a qualitative and quantitative secondary analysis of 680 cases of alleged male-on-male CSA that occurred between the years 2017 and 2018 in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. We analyzed the contents of forensic interviews with the alleged victims, conducted by professionals working at the Colombian Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences. Our findings indicated a high prevalence of cases of alleged male-on-male CSA among young minors. Most of these cases were allegedly perpetrated by offenders known to the victim and involved high levels of violence. Evidence-based and culturally grounded preventative actions, such as training-based programs for teachers and parents among other public health initiatives are needed to address this type of CSA. Further research is also required to gain a more fine-grained understanding of the cultural and social context of CSA in the Caribbean Latin American countries.

scholarly journals Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Quality: Revisiting the EKC in Latin American Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12651
Author(s):  
Wilman-Santiago Ochoa-Moreno ◽  
Byron Alejandro Quito ◽  
Carlos Andrés Moreno-Hurtado
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Pollution Haven ◽  
Latin American Countries

In this study we aim to test the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on carbon emissions (CO2) in 20 Latin American countries during the period of 1990–2018. Based on the atlas method of the World Bank, we divided the countries into three groups according to their real gross national income per capita: high-income, upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries. We used cointegration techniques and causality tests to evaluate the relationship between the variables. To assess the strength of the cointegration vector, we applied the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLSs) model for individual countries and the dynamic panel ordinary least squares (PDOLSs) model for groups of countries. The results suggest that the entry of FDI into Latin American (LA) countries increases CO2 emissions, affecting the environmental quality. These findings disagree with the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis but, in contrast, they are in line with the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH). Moreover, we show evidence in long-term equilibrium relationship between FDI input and CO2 emissions, which is not the case for the short-term equilibrium. Some additional results suggest that FDI flows do not cause the CO2 emissions in LA countries. The empirical findings suggest policymakers to design policies to “the second-best theory”, targeting FDI flows to their economies to solve economic problems in the short term, but thereafter they may guarantee the reduction in environmental pollution, based on environmentally responsible FDI and stronger regulations. In other words, the transition from a pollution haven to the applicability of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). This study contributes with scarce empirical evidence for LA countries in this issue.

Trade Liberalization and Growth: Recent Experiences in Latin America

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel R. Agosin ◽  
Ricardo Ffrench-Davis
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
The World ◽  
Latin American Countries

In recent years, many Latin American countries (LACs) have embarked upon trade liberalization drives. This article reviews the radical changes in trade policy which this has entailed, together with the current and foreseeable results, and offers some policy recommendations regarding complementary measures.The first sustained experience with trade liberalization in recent decades was in Chile, which launched a process in the 1970s that, by the end of that decade, had made its economy one of the most open in the world.

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