Immunohistochemical Features of Dystrophic Axons in Papillon Dogs with Neuroaxonal Dystrophy

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nibe ◽  
H. Nakayama ◽  
K. Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ◽  
Dystrophic Axons ◽  
Purkinje Cell Loss ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many ◽  
Dystrophic Axon

The immunohistochemical features of dystrophic axons in brain tissues of Papillon dogs with neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) were examined in comparison with 1 dog with cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (CCA) and a dog without neurologic signs. Histologically, many dystrophic axons were observed throughout the central nervous system of all dogs with NAD. These axonal changes were absent in the dog with CCA and in the control dog. Severe Purkinje cell loss was found in the dog with CCA, whereas the lesions were milder in all dogs with NAD. Immunohistochemically, the many dystrophic axons were positive for neurofilaments, tau, α/β-synuclein, HSP70, ubiquitin, synaptophysin, syntaxin-1, and synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25). A few dystrophic axons were positive for α-synuclein. In addition, these dystrophic axons, especially in the nucleus gracilis, cuneatus, olivaris, and spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, were intensely immunopositive for the 3 calcium-binding proteins calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin. The accumulation of synapse-associated proteins in the dystrophic axons may indicate dysfunction of the synapse at the presynaptic portion. The accumulation of α-synuclein in the dystrophic axon and region-specific appearance of calcium-binding protein-positive spheroids are considered as unique features in NAD of Papillon dogs, providing the key to elucidate the pathogenesis.

Differential expression of the EF-hand calcium-binding protein calsensin in the central nervous system of hirudinid leeches

1996 ◽  
Vol 286 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Veldman ◽  
Yueqiao Huang ◽  
John Jellies ◽  
Kristen M. Johansen ◽  
Jørgen Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Calcium Binding Protein ◽  
Ef Hand ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Exploring neurodegeneration at the atomic level

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
Adam Tozer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Microtubule Associated Proteins ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cell Maintenance

Tau proteins are microtubule-associated proteins essential for the correct functioning of neurons. This small family of proteins, 352–441 amino acids in length, are abundant in the brain and exist to stabilize microtubules in neurons and glia (non-neuronal cells of the central nervous system) to ensure correct trafficking of cellular cargo and cell maintenance.

Laboratory Aids to Diagnosis in Mental Diseases

1925 ◽  
Vol 71 (293) ◽  
pp. 192-218
Author(s):  
P. K. McCowan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Diagnostic Specificity ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many

For some time past there has been an increasing use of laboratory methods in the diagnosis of mental disorders. The following aims at offering further proof of the undoubted value of this method of approach in such cases. There seems, however, to be a growing tendency, not devoid of danger, to ascribe diagnostic specificity to one or other of the many tests in use for such examinations. Although it is undoubtedly true that an exhaustive analysis of a spinal fluid may in many cases lead to a correct diagnosis of the clinical condition of the patient from whom the specimen has been taken, it only requires a study of the literature to show that none of the reactions or group of reactions obtained from the spinal fluid can be regarded as pathognomonic of any disease of the central nervous system.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Boon Leong Quah ◽  
Thangaraj Munusamy ◽  
Colin Watts
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Current Management ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare form of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) confined to the central nervous system, which continues to be a challenging malignancy to treat. The reason behind this lies in the fact that its systemic counterpart carries a more favourable prognosis with a cure rate of approximately 70%, whereas the prognosis of PCNSL remains poor in the immunocompetent and even poorer in HIV-associated PCNSL. Fortunately, the median overall survival has nearly doubled since the 1970s reflecting a better understanding, and more effective management of this disease. In this chapter, we will explore the many reasons behind this increased survival as well as current management options from a neurosurgical perspective.

Neuroanatomy

2012 ◽  
pp. 144-156
Author(s):  
R. C. A. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

The symptoms, signs, and syndromes of psychiatry, whether organic or biological psychiatric disease or not, in the main reflect alterations in functions which reside in the cerebral cortex, including the limbic lobe, and those structures and pathways closely related to the cortex. These cortical manifestations of psychiatric disease include alterations in thought, language, perception, mood, memory, motivation, personality, behaviour, and intellect. Therefore, this brief account of brain structures and pathways that are important in psychiatry will concentrate on the cerebral cortex and related structures and pathways. Readers who require a fuller account of central nervous system anatomy are referred to the many standard texts, which give a more complete coverage of the subject. Broadly speaking, neuroanatomy can be subdivided into two parts—the topographical organization of the brain and spinal cord, and the anatomical connections forming functional pathways in the central nervous system. The former is of vital importance clinically, since pathologies rarely respect the boundaries of functional systems, and knowledge of the spatial relationships of different brain structures is increasingly useful as modern imaging methods more accurately visualize detailed brain structure in vivo. However, it is the second subdivision of the subject which makes the greater contribution to understanding the biological basis of psychiatric disease, and it is this that will be at the centre of the present account.

On the Nature of Inhibition: a Review.∗

1934 ◽  
Vol 80 (329) ◽  
pp. 198-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Many ◽  
Made In

While, during the last thirty years, great advances have been made in our knowledge of inhibition, its properties and its interactions with excitation, yet little progress has been made in elucidating the precise nature of inhibition itself. Pavlov (67), for instance, has discovered many of the principles of inhibition, its interaction with excitation, its irradiation, its extinction and so on. But all the time he is dealing with inhibition simply as a phenomenon which shows itself in the end-reaction. With regard to what is actually happening in the cortex, he admits that it is unknown. Yet the phenomenon of inhibition is one of prime importance in the organization of the central nervous system. Perhaps, at times, while watching, say, a dog chasing a ball, one is apt to forget the many reactions which are not happening in one's interest in what is happening. Yet an overdose of strychnine to the dog will soon remind one that every movement of each limb, every twitch of a muscle is surrounded, as it were, by a wall of inhibition, checking, controlling and timing so as to produce the final smooth and graceful co-ordination.

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