scholarly journals Developmental constraint shaped genome evolution and erythrocyte loss in Antarctic fishes following paleoclimate change

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e1009173
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Daane ◽  
Juliette Auvinet ◽  
Alicia Stoebenau ◽  
Donald Yergeau ◽  
Matthew P. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developmental Constraint ◽  
Relaxed Selection ◽  
Antarctic Fishes ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Paleoclimate Change ◽  
Paleoclimate Records ◽  
Conserved Noncoding Elements ◽  
Erythroid Development ◽  
Oxygen Transport System

In the frigid, oxygen-rich Southern Ocean (SO), Antarctic icefishes (Channichthyidae; Notothenioidei) evolved the ability to survive without producing erythrocytes and hemoglobin, the oxygen-transport system of virtually all vertebrates. Here, we integrate paleoclimate records with an extensive phylogenomic dataset of notothenioid fishes to understand the evolution of trait loss associated with climate change. In contrast to buoyancy adaptations in this clade, we find relaxed selection on the genetic regions controlling erythropoiesis evolved only after sustained cooling in the SO. This pattern is seen not only within icefishes but also occurred independently in other high-latitude notothenioids. We show that one species of the red-blooded dragonfish clade evolved a spherocytic anemia that phenocopies human patients with this disease via orthologous mutations. The genomic imprint of SO climate change is biased toward erythrocyte-associated conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) rather than to coding regions, which are largely preserved through pleiotropy. The drift in CNEs is specifically enriched near genes that are preferentially expressed late in erythropoiesis. Furthermore, we find that the hematopoietic marrow of icefish species retained proerythroblasts, which indicates that early erythroid development remains intact. Our results provide a framework for understanding the interactions between development and the genome in shaping the response of species to climate change.

Twelfth Century AD

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lonnie G. Thompson ◽  
Alan L. Kolata
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Lake Titicaca ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Paleoclimate Records ◽  
Past Climate Change

Climate is a fundamental and independent variable of human existence. Given that 50 percent of the Earth’s surface and much of its population exist between 30oN and 30oS, paleoenvironmental research in the Earth’s tropical regions is vital to our understanding of the world’s current and past climate change. Most of the solar energy that drives the climate system is absorbed in these regions. Paleoclimate records reveal that tropical processes, such as variations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have affected the climate over much of the planet. Climatic variations, particularly in precipitation and temperature, play a critical role in the adaptations of agrarian cultures located in zones of environmental sensitivity, such as those of the coastal deserts, highlands, and altiplano of the Andean region. Paleoclimate records from the Quelccaya ice cap (5670 masl) in highland Peru that extend back ~1800 years show good correlation between precipitation and the rise and fall of pre-Hispanic civilizations in western Peru and Bolivia. Sediment cores extracted from Lake Titicaca provide independent evidence of this correspondence with particular reference to the history of the pre-Hispanic Tiwanaku state centered in the Andean altiplano. Here we explore, in particular, the impacts of climate change on the development and ultimate dissolution of this altiplano state.

Paleoclimate science for the 21st century: a wishlist

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim M. Cobb
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Paleoclimate Records ◽  
Paleoclimate Data

<p>The study of past climate trends, variability, and extremes has yielded unique insights into Earth’s changing climate, yet paleoclimate science must overcome a number of key challenges to maximize its utility in a century defined by accelerating climate change. First, the paleoclimate archive itself is at grave risk, given that i) many records end in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century, and no concerted efforts exist to extend them to the present-day, and ii) many paleoclimate archives are disappearing under continued climate change and other forms of human disturbance. Second, many paleoclimate records are comprised of oxygen isotopes, yet the coordinated, multi-scale observational and modeling infrastructures required to unravel the mechanisms governing water isotope variability are as yet underdeveloped. Lastly, in part owing to the aforementioned deficiencies, paleoclimate data assimilation efforts remain fraught with large uncertainties, despite their promise in constraining many aspects of future climate impacts, including extreme events and hydrological trends and variability. Paleoclimate science for the 21<sup>st</sup> century requires deep investments in the full integration of paleoclimate data and approaches into frameworks for climate risk and hazard assessments. In that sense, paleoclimate scientists will continue to play a key role in the communication of climate change science to key stakeholders, including the general public. Their understanding of the Earth system also equips them to contribute valuable insights to teams comprised of researchers, practitioners, and  decision-makers charged with leveraging science to inform solutions, in service to society.</p>

Integrating Stalagmite, Vertebrate, and Pollen Sequences to Investigate Holocene Vegetation and Climate Change in the Southern Midwestern United States

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhawn F. Denniston ◽  
Luis A. Gonzalez ◽  
Holmes A. Semken ◽  
Yemane Asmerom ◽  
Richard G. Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
North Central ◽  
South Central ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Isotopic Records ◽  
Paleoclimate Records ◽  
Climate Proxies ◽  
Vegetation And Climate

Speleothem carbon and oxygen isotopic records from Onondaga Cave, south-central Missouri, and Beckham Creek Cave, north-central Arkansas, are compared with the Cupola Pond and Oldfield Swamp pollen series from southeastern Missouri and the Rodgers Shelter and Modoc Shelter vertebrate biostratigraphic sequences from central Missouri and southwestern Illinois. Similar, and roughly contemporaneous, shifts between deciduous forest and steppe indicators throughout the Holocene are revealed in each database. These independent proxies record steppe conditions between approximately 9000 and 1500 cal yr B.P. A shift toward lighter speleothem carbon may reflect a change from warm and dry to cool and dry conditions between 4500 and 3000 yr B.P. The sensitive response of speleothem δ13C to changes in vegetation emphasizes their importance as paleoclimate records in an area containing few other millenial-scale climate proxies.

scholarly journals HUMAN RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LATE PREHISTORIC WESTERN LOESS PLATEAU, NORTHWEST CHINA

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1193-1207
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Menghan Qiu ◽  
Ruiliang Liu ◽  
Haiming Li ◽  
Hongwei Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Majiayao Culture ◽  
Paleoclimate Records ◽  
Western Loess Plateau

ABSTRACTIn order to assess late prehistoric human responses to climate change in the Western Loess Plateau (WLP), we investigated 13,567 charred plant seeds and 19 radiocarbon (14C) dates obtained from 41 late prehistoric sites in the upper Wei River valley. Based on these new dating results as well as their cultural attributes, these sites could be confidently divided into four chronological phases (Phase 1: Late Yangshao and Majiayao culture; Phase 2: Qijia culture; Phases 3 and 4: Siwa culture) but a significant gap was identified at ca. 3600–3000 cal yr BP in this region. Comparison of this interval to high-resolution paleoclimate records from Tianchi Lake suggests it could be attributed to the dramatic drop in temperature at this time. Accordingly, archaeobotanical evidence with a refined chronology shows the adoption of cold-tolerant subsistence cereal grains such as barley on the NETP (Northeast Tibetan Plateau). Drawing from various lines of knowledge (chronology, palaeoclimate, archaeobotany, and archaeology), it is reasonable to conclude that, even when confronting a similar magnitude of climate change, local human societies could vary tremendously. Different subsistence strategies were brought in by the trans-Eurasia culture exchange of prehistoric times.

Difference and Linkage in Climate Change Modes from East and Central Asia at Multi-Time Scales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simin Peng ◽  
Yu Li
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Asian Summer ◽  
Paleoclimate Records ◽  
The Last Glacial

Abstract Previous studies argued that climate change modes from East and Central Asia (EA and CA) are out of phase at multi-time scales. However, in recent years, dry/wet changes in CA which contradict traditional views have provoked further discussion. The synchronization of rain and heat periods is a common climate phenomenon in most regions of East and Central Asia. In this paper, we selected EA and CA to carry out a comprehensive study of modern observations, paleoclimate records, and model simulations at multi-time scales. EOF analysis results of modern grid precipitation and self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) demonstrate the synchronization of rain and heat periods in EA and the east of CA at the short-term timescale. Meanwhile, paleoclimate records indicate parallel dry/wet changes in EA and the east of CA since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also reflecting the synchronization of rain and heat periods at long-term timescales triggered by the insolation. The climate mechanism of difference and linkage in climate change modes from EA and CA, under the framework of the synchronization of rain and heat periods, is analyzed by PMIP3 simulations between the LGM and Mid-Holocene (MH). Overall, we suggest that, in addition to the regional differences caused by different circulation systems (the westerlies and Asian summer monsoon), climate change modes in EA and CA universally have inter-regional connections affected by the synchronization of rain and heat periods at multi-time scales.

scholarly journals Ancient climate change, antifreeze, and the evolutionary diversification of Antarctic fishes

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 3434-3439 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Near ◽  
A. Dornburg ◽  
K. L. Kuhn ◽  
J. T. Eastman ◽  
J. N. Pennington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Antarctic Fishes ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document