Evaluating the impact of the nationwide public–private mix (PPM) program for tuberculosis under National Health Insurance in South Korea: A difference in differences analysis

Background Public–private mix (PPM) programs on tuberculosis (TB) have a critical role in engaging and integrating the private sector into the national TB control efforts in order to meet the End TB Strategy targets. South Korea’s PPM program can provide important insights on the long-term impact and policy gaps in the development and expansion of PPM as a nationwide program. Methods and findings Healthcare is privatized in South Korea, and a majority (80.3% in 2009) of TB patients sought care in the private sector. Since 2009, South Korea has rapidly expanded its PPM program coverage under the National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme as a formal national program with dedicated PPM nurses managing TB patients in both the private and public sectors. Using the difference in differences (DID) analytic framework, we compared relative changes in TB treatment outcomes—treatment success (TS) and loss to follow-up (LTFU)—in the private and public sector between the 2009 and 2014 TB patient cohorts. Propensity score matching (PSM) using the kernel method was done to adjust for imbalances in the covariates between the 2 population cohorts. The 2009 cohort included 6,195 (63.0% male, 37.0% female; mean age: 42.1) and 27,396 (56.1% male, 43.9% female; mean age: 45.7) TB patients in the public and private sectors, respectively. The 2014 cohort included 2,803 (63.2% male, 36.8% female; mean age: 50.1) and 29,988 (56.5% male, 43.5% female; mean age: 54.7) patients. In both the private and public sectors, the proportion of patients with transfer history decreased (public: 23.8% to 21.7% and private: 20.8% to 17.6%), and bacteriological confirmed disease increased (public: 48.9% to 62.3% and private: 48.8% to 58.1%) in 2014 compared to 2009. After expanding nationwide PPM, absolute TS rates improved by 9.10% (87.5% to 93.4%) and by 13.6% (from 70.3% to 83.9%) in the public and private sectors. Relative to the public, the private saw 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9% to 5.3%, p-value < 0.001) and −8.7% (95% CI −9.7% to −7.7%, p-value <0.001) higher rates of improvement in TS and reduction in LTFU. Treatment outcomes did not improve in patients who experienced at least 1 transfer during their TB treatment. Study limitations include non-longitudinal nature of our original dataset, inability to assess the regional disparities, and verify PPM program’s impact on TB mortality. Conclusions We found that the nationwide scale-up of the PPM program was associated with improvements in TB treatment outcomes in the private sector in South Korea. Centralized financial governance and regulatory mechanisms were integral in facilitating the integration of highly diverse South Korean private sector into the national TB control program and scaling up of the PPM intervention nationwide. However, TB care gaps continued to exist for patients who transferred at least once during their treatment. These programmatic gaps may be improved through reducing administrative hurdles and making programmatic amendments that can help facilitate management TB patients between institutions and healthcare sectors, as well as across administrative regions.

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Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of an Indian Public VS Private Bank

Malaysian Management Journal ◽

10.32890/mmj.17.2013.8994 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dharmendra Singh

Keyword(s):

Customer Satisfaction ◽

Service Quality ◽

Private Sector ◽

Financial Services ◽

Banking Sector ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Public Sector Banks ◽

Private And Public ◽

Public And Private Sector

This study focuses on the service quality and customer satisfaction among the private and public sector banks in India. Today customers are supposed to have awareness about the financial services provided by the banking sector. An attempt has therefore, been made in this paper to quantify the ‘awareness level’ of the customers and analyze the ‘service quality experience’ of the customers from their banks. The study has been carried out to compare the service quality experienced by customers of the public and private sector banks and to study the link between service quality and customer satisfaction. For that reason a well structured questionnaire was used to collect the views of customers on various service dimensions and the satisfaction of the customers regarding the services offered by the public and private sector banks. Various statistical tools like ANOVA, Factor Analysis and Multiple Regressions were used for analyzing the data collected on five service dimensions of SERVQUAL and satisfaction of customers. The results indicate that the private sector bank was better in terms of providing services and creating awareness about their products and services. The study also proves that an increase in service quality will most likely lead to customer satisfaction.

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Private and public schools: A spatial analysis of social segregation in France

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/0042098019859508 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 865-882 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pierre Courtioux ◽

Tristan-Pierre Maury

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Private Sector ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Local Level ◽

Public And Private ◽

Large Cities ◽

The Public ◽

Information Index ◽

Social Segregation ◽

Private And Public

This article shifts our understanding of the geographies of education away from large cities. It provides a geographical and urban analysis of the contribution of differences in enrolment between the public and private sectors to social segregation in French middle schools. Using the mutual information index, we show that the contribution of public/private divergences is rising and is higher in middle-sized urban areas and central municipalities. These geographical areas, however, are not those where social segregation is highest, nor those where the private sector is commonly regarded as the main cause of segregation. Moreover, the gaps between the public and the private sectors are stronger at the local level. This confirms the idea that the private sector is indeed a tool for circumventing France’s School Map ( la Carte scolaire) for allocating places to pupils and that private schools create additional social differences locally.

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Assessing the wage gap between public and private sector employees in Ireland: issues, evidence and challenges

The Irish Journal of Management ◽

10.2478/ijm-2018-0005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 51-64

Author(s):

Darragh Flannery ◽

Tom Turner

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Wage Gap ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Earnings Gap ◽

Private And Public ◽

Key Issues ◽

Public And Private Sector

Abstract Over recent years pay levels in the public sector of the economy have come under increasing scrutiny. This paper provides an assessment of the key issues and challenges central to a comparison of wage levels in the private and public sector in Ireland. A review of the extant studies that have employed multivariate analysis to estimate the gap between public and private sector wages in Ireland indicates a wage premium in favour of public sector workers. However the actual magnitude of the earnings gap is difficult to accurately assess as the size of the premium varies markedly across these various studies. A number of possible options are suggested to guide the development of a fair system for assessing wage levels in the public sector.

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DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF CONCERN FACTORS FOR STRATEGIC INVESTMENT OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS

ASEAN Engineering Journal ◽

10.11113/aej.v7.15493 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 66-86

Author(s):

Do Tien Sy ◽

Veerasak Likhitruangsilp ◽

Masamitsu Onishi ◽

Phong Thanh Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Public Private Partnership ◽

Public And Private ◽

Private Partnership ◽

The Public ◽

Political Risks ◽

Transportation Projects ◽

Private And Public ◽

Private Investors

This paper identifies the concern factors of private investors associated with Public-Private Partnership (PPP) transportation projects in Vietnam. The concern factors are incorporated into four main groups: (1) company profile; (2) finance; (3) opportunities; and (4) risk perceptions. The paper examines the different perceptions by the public and private sectors about these concern factors adopted by experienced professionals related to PPP transportation projects. Based on a questionnaire survey in Vietnam, the most concern factors of private investors are their own capacity, demand issues, legal and political risks, long-term income, and financial sources issues of the PPP project. Moreover, five factors that represent the significant differences between the private and public sectors including political risks, enhancement of company’s strength in its industry, construction risks, demand issues, and financial viability of the company are also discovered. Addressing the different perceptions is indispensable to ensure the public sector can establish necessary policies that appeal to both domestic and foreign private investors. The paper at the same time hopes to provide some of lessons for the private sector.

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Financial Efficacy of Selected Public and Private Sector Banks in India

International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) ◽

10.20525/ijfbs.v2i2.143 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 26-31

Author(s):

S Ayyappan ◽

M SakthiVadivel

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Financial Variables ◽

Public Sector Banks ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Private And Public ◽

Public Banks ◽

Public And Private Sector

The banks in India have over 67,000 branches located across the country. All these are classified into two major categories, nonscheduled banks and scheduled banks. Scheduled banks includes commercial banks and the co-operative banks. The public sector banks are accountable for more than 78 percent of total banking industry in India. Even though private sector banks came later into the market, due to their customer servicing and easy banking features they are also competing equally with already existing public sector banks. so it is very essential to analyze how their financial performance is influenced by number of factors which willfurther suggest them where they need to concentrate more. in this article we have analyzed the correlation between return on total assets and other financial variables of selected private and public banks in India.

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Analyzing patient trust through the lens of hospitals managers—The other side of the coin

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0250626 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0250626

Author(s):

Aviad Tur-Sinai ◽

Royi Barnea ◽

Orna Tal

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Essential Element ◽

Shared Responsibility ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Care Providers ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Private And Public ◽

Public And Private Hospitals

Trust is an essential element in patient-physician relationships, yet trust is perceived differently among providers and customers exist. During January-February 2020 we examined the standpoints of medical managers and administrative directors from the private and public health hospitals on patient-physician trust, using a structured questionnaire. Thirty-six managers in public and private hospitals (24 from the public sector and 12 from the private sector) responded to the survey. Managers in the private sector rated trust higher in comparison to managers in the public sector, including trust related to patient satisfaction, professionalism and accountability. Managers from public hospitals gave higher scores to the need for patient education and shared responsibility prior to medical procedures. Administrative directors gave higher scores to various dimensions of trust and autonomy while medical managers gave higher scores to economic considerations. Trust is a fundamental component of the healthcare system and may be used to improve the provision and quality of care by analyzing standpoints and comparable continuous monitoring. Differences in position, education and training influence the perception of trust among managers in the health system. This survey may allow policy makers and opinion leaders to continue building and maintaining trust between patients and care providers.

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Primary Healthcare Seeking Behaviour of Low-income, Uninsured Patients Across the Public and Private Health Sectors in South Africa

10.21203/rs.3.rs-74088/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kerensa Govender ◽

Sarah Girdwood ◽

Daniel Letswalo ◽

Lawrence Long ◽

G Meyer-Rath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Health Insurance ◽

Private Sector ◽

Low Income ◽

Primary Healthcare ◽

Uninsured Patients ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Private And Public

Abstract Background: The proposed National Health Insurance (NHI) system aims to re-engineer primary healthcare (PHC) in South Africa, envisioning both private sector providers and public sector clinics as independent contracting units to the NHI Fund. In 2017, 16% of the South African population had private medical insurance and predominately utilised private providers. However, it is estimated that up to 28% of the population access private PHC services, with a meaningful segment of the low-income, uninsured population paying for these services out-of-pocket. The study objective was to characterise the health seeking behaviour of low-income, uninsured patients accessing PHC services in both the public and private sectors, patient movement between sectors, and factors influencing their facility choice. Methods: We conducted once-off patient interviews on a random sample of 153 patients at 7 private PHC providers (primarily providing services to the low-income uninsured patient population) and their matched public PHC clinic (7 facilities). Results: The majority of participants were economically active (96/153, 63%), 139/153 (91%) did not have health insurance, and 104/153 (68%) earned up to $621/month. A multiple response question found affordability (67%) and convenience (60%) were ranked as the most important reasons for choosing to usually access care at public clinics (48%); whilst convenience (71%) and quality of care (59%) were key reasons for choosing the private sector (32%). There is movement between sectors: 23/76 (30%) of those interviewed at a private facility and 8/77 (10%) of those interviewed at a public facility indicated usually accessing PHC services at a mix of private and public facilities. Results indicate cycling between the private and public sectors with different factors influencing facility choice. Conclusions: It is imperative to understand the potential impact on where PHC services are accessed once affordability is mitigated through the NHI as this has implications on planning and contracting of services under the NHI.

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Internal Audit Functions: An Empirical Study of Public and Private Sectors in Nigeria

Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance ◽

10.52962/ipjaf.2018.2.1.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 26-37

Author(s):

Abdulkadir Madawaki ◽

Aidi Ahmi ◽

Halimah @ Nasibah Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Private Sector ◽

Internal Audit ◽

Audit Fees ◽

Public And Private ◽

Internal Auditor ◽

Internal Auditors ◽

External Auditors ◽

The Public ◽

Private And Public

The study examines the similarities and differences between the private and public sectors internal audit functions in Nigeria. The features examined include the hierarchical position of the internal audit functions, outsourcing of internal audit activities, reporting relationship of the internal auditor, and the coordination between internal and external auditors. A survey of internal audit managers of both sectors was undertaken to establish their current practices. The results revealed that there are no much differences in the hierarchical positioning of the internal audit function in both sectors. A substantial difference was found in the reporting lines of internal auditors in both sectors. The results further showed that private sector outsources internal audit activities more than the public sector and a slight difference exists between the two sectors about the level of coordination between internal and external auditors. Finally, the result indicated that private sector experiences a reduction in external audit fees compares to its counterpart in the public sector.

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Diversifying a Resource Dependent Economy: Private-Public Relationships in the Kuwaiti Economy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-97506/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

AYELE GELAN ◽

Geoffrey J.D. He ◽

Ahmad AlAwadhi

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Development Strategy ◽

Policy Debate ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Private Sector Development ◽

Sectoral Differences ◽

Private And Public ◽

Public And Private Sector ◽

Backward Linkages

Abstract The Kuwaiti economy is characterized by two major structural imbalances – heavy dependence on oil and dominance of the public sector. Kuwait has struggled over the years to implement a two-pronged development strategy – diversifying the country’s economic base away from oil and promoting private sector development. This paper will explore the economic impact of some options currently being considered by using a unique set of input-output tables, derived from supply-use tables, that distinguish transactions made by private and public enterprises as well as providing a matrix of imports by sector. The public-private sector interdependence analysis revealed interesting results regarding sectoral differences in strengths of forward and backward linkages. For instance, the findings indicated that the strength of the publicly owned oil sectors lie in their forward linkages, supplying other sectors with their outputs but their backward linkages is weak. On the other hand, the chemicals industry is identified as one of the few sectors, which have balanced and relatively strong forward and backward linkages in both public and private sector. The policy analyses conducted in this paper are highly relevant to the ongoing policy debate in Kuwait over the design of the economic reform programs. The public-private sector linkage analysis has revealed insights into policy synergies through which one instrument can affect more than one policy target.

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Primary healthcare seeking behaviour of low-income patients across the public and private health sectors in South Africa

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11678-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kerensa Govender ◽

Sarah Girdwood ◽

Daniel Letswalo ◽

Lawrence Long ◽

G. Meyer-Rath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Health Insurance ◽

Private Sector ◽

Low Income ◽

Primary Healthcare ◽

Public Facility ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Private And Public

Abstract Background The proposed National Health Insurance (NHI) system aims to re-engineer primary healthcare (PHC) in South Africa, envisioning both private sector providers and public sector clinics as independent contracting units to the NHI Fund. In 2017, 16% of the South African population had private medical insurance and predominately utilised private providers. However, it is estimated that up to 28% of the population access private PHC services, with a meaningful segment of the low-income, uninsured population paying for these services out-of-pocket. The study objective was to characterise the health seeking behaviour of low-income, patients accessing PHC services in both the public and private sectors, patient movement between sectors, and factors influencing their facility choice. Methods We conducted once-off patient interviews on a random sample of 153 patients at 7 private PHC providers (primarily providing services to the low-income mostly uninsured patient population) and their matched public PHC clinic (7 facilities). Results The majority of participants were economically active (96/153, 63%), 139/153 (91%) did not have health insurance, and 104/153 (68%) earned up to $621/month. A multiple response question found affordability (67%) and convenience (60%) were ranked as the most important reasons for choosing to usually access care at public clinics (48%); whilst convenience (71%) and quality of care (59%) were key reasons for choosing the private sector (32%). There is movement between sectors: 23/76 (30%) of those interviewed at a private facility and 8/77 (10%) of those interviewed at a public facility indicated usually accessing PHC services at a mix of private and public facilities. Results indicate cycling between the private and public sectors with different factors influencing facility choice. Conclusions It is imperative to understand the potential impact on where PHC services are accessed once affordability is mitigated through the NHI as this has implications on planning and contracting of services under the NHI.

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