Littered debris along roadways traps and kills small vertebrates. In Nebraska, at least 20 species of small mammals are small enough
to enter openings of discarded bottles and cans. We surveyed roadsides for littered bottles and cans containing vertebrate remains
in central parts of the state. We observed 459 bottles and 278 aluminum cans along 17.6 km of roadsides in Nebraska. Littered bottles
contained 41 vertebrate remains representing nine taxa of small mammals. Glass bottles contained the majority of individuals,
plastic bottles had a few individuals, and no vertebrate remains were detected in aluminum cans. Harvest mice (Reithrodontomys
spp.) were the most frequently observed taxa trapped in bottles, followed by short-tailed shrews (Blarina spp.). Remains of a juvenile
Hispid Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus) in a glass bottle suggest that more species are at risk when individuals are young. Bottles
with openings higher than their base contained more vertebrates (21.1%) than those lying flat (3.8%) or those with openings
facing downward (1.2%). Overall, about 5.7% of bottles had vertebrate remains in Nebraska, which is slightly greater than studies
in the eastern United States. Densities of littered bottles were much lower along roads in Nebraska than roadways in the eastern
United States, resulting in fewer mortalities per km. Human population density appears associated with littered debris, thus numbers
of vertebrates killed in these roadside hazards likely is greater in eastern Nebraska and near population centers where most of
the state’s population reside. In Nebraska, six species of small mammals are species of conservation need, and thus, at risk from littered
debris. Reduction and removal of litter along roadsides not only is aesthetically pleasing, but it can also reduce mortality of
small mammals and other animals, such as small insects.
Defining the Risk of Zika and Chikungunya Virus Transmission in Human Population Centers of the Eastern United States
