Assessing the Viability of Commercial Media for the Mass Culture of Chaetoceros muelleri

The microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri is considered a highly nutritious feed for the cultured larvae of the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. Due to the cost of analytical grade culture media used in the production of C. muelleri, there is a need to evaluate cheap alternative commercial media to decrease the cost of producing quality live microalgal food. In this study, two different indoor batch culture systems (1 L glass bottles and 10 L plastic carboys) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of two conventional (modified F/2 and Walne’s) and one commercial (Epizyme AGP complete) microalgal culture media. Results of the 1 L glass bottle experiment showed that the peak cell density of C. muelleri in AGP (1,241 ± 116 x 104 cells ml-1) was not significantly different from the modified F/2 (1,584 ± 41 x 104 cells ml-1) and Walne’s medium (1,319 ± 162 x 104 cells ml-1) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.78). Likewise, in the plastic carboy experiment, the maximum cell density of C. muelleri in Walne’s medium (750 ± 144 x 104 cells ml-1) and F/2 medium (653 ± 79 x 104 cells ml-1) were higher, but not significantly different from AGP (496 ± 184 x 104 cells ml-1) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.43). The highest growth rate in the glass bottle cultures was the modified F/2 (0.38 div day-1), while AGP was the lowest (0.34 div. day-1). On the other hand, in carboy culture, AGP was higher (0.17 div.day-1) compared to modified F/2 (0.15 div. day-1) and Walne’s medium (0.13 div. day-1). The exponential growth phase was similar in the glass bottles, while in the carboy, the exponential phase was reached at a shorter time in the AGP treatment than those in the modified F/2 and Walne’s media. The findings showed that AGP medium is an adequate alternative to replace the conventional media (modified F/2 and Walne’s) during the secondary stock culture for C. muelleri. The viability of using cheaper and more readily available commercial AGP media for the indoor culture production of C. muelleri can contribute to cost-effective scaling-up of the hatchery production of quality H. scabra larvae and early juveniles.

New reference materials for trace-levels of actinide elements in plutonium

Two plutonium oxides were prepared as unique reference materials for measurement of actinide elements present as trace constituents. Each reference material unit is approximately 200 mg of PuO2 powder in a quartz glass bottle. Characterized attributes of the oxides included mass fractions of plutonium, americium, neptunium, and uranium. Isotope-amount ratios were also determined for plutonium and uranium, but neptunium and americium were observed to be monoisotopic 237Np and 241Am. Measurements for characterization and verification of the attributes show that plutonium and trace actinides are homogeneous with the exception of limited heterogeneity for uranium, primarily observed for the 238U isotope. Model purification ages calculated from measured americium and uranium attribute values are consistent with material histories and indicate that these impurities are predominantly due to the decay of plutonium isotopes.

Biomethane Potential Test To Access The Feasibility of Vegetable And Fruit Waste For Methane Yield Using Different Inoculums To Substrate Ratios

To address the world's energy issue and global climate change, a green, efficient and carbon-neutral renewable energy sourcesare in great demand to replace fossil fuels. The study was undertaken to determine optimal inoculum to substrate ratio for increase in biogas generation via co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste under mesophilic environmental conditions (25–34oC). Biomethane potential of the fruit and vegetable waste was accessed in terms of biogas yield. Digestate from gobar gas plant was taken as inoculum. Biomethane potential (BMP) assay was performed in a 500ml glass bottle with suitable inlet and outlet arrangement for taking feed and collection of biogas. Inoculum to substrateratio chosen for the study was 0.2, 0.3,0.5,0.7 and 0.8. Highest daily biogas yield was obtained for inoculum to substrate ratio of 30: 70 i.e. reactor R2 which is equivalent to 440 ml on day 14 with methane yield of 58%. Cumulative biogas yields for different inoculum to substrate ratio were in the range of 6–11.378 L/day.

Study on Preparation of Pomegranate Jam Fortified with Extracts of Some Horticultural Plants

Pomegranate fruits are very beneficial to us and if some processed thing can be developed from it, further enhanced with extracts of important horticultural plants than it can be additionally more useful to us. Therefore, keeping this thing in mind, the work was undertaken. In the present experiment fortified pomegranate jam was prepared and analyzed. The preparation of jam, by adding extract of beneficial horticultural plants along with specified concentration of pectin and sodium benzoate was done with continuous stirring while heating. The extracts used for fortification of the jam were taken from mint, coriander, green tea, coffee and basil. Overall there were six treatments including the control. After preparation of the fortified pomegranate jam, they were stored in glass bottle in refrigerated condition. All the treatments were replicated three times and Completely Randomized Design was used for statistical analysis. Attributes were studied in the laboratory at different days of storage interval. From the total experiment it was obtained that the pomegranate jam fortified with coriander seed and basil extract were the best which was followed by green tea extract as fortifying agent, as they showed good results.

Effect of Different Packaging Materials on Some Vitamins and Minerals of the Pasteurized Camel Milk

In this study the level of Pasteurized camel milk vitamins and minerals, vitamin A (Retinyl Acetate), Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), Selenium were monitored, Phosphorus and Calcium for 30 days period started day 0, through day 7, day 14, day 21 and day 30, different types of packaging materials (I) (PET) Bottle, (ii) (PP) Cup,(iii) (PS) Cup,(iv) (LDPE) Bottle,(v) (LPET) Bottle,(vi (HDPE) Bottle,(vii) Aluminum Cans, (viii) Glass(Emerald Green) and (ix) Cartoon bottles (250 ml size) were dispensed with the Pasteurized camel milk (80 ˚C, 16 s) at Aseptic condition and storage temperature 5 ˚C, to find out best packaging materials to transport high value from this nutrient to the end consumers, Result shown there is significant differences within packaging materials responds of test results about (Vitamin A), So The best packaging materials on Vitamin A of pasteurized Camel Milk is: Carton, Aluminum Can, Glass bottle) Respectively, Vitamin C shown significant differences within packaging materials responds of test results, So the best packaging materials on Vitamin C is:(Aluminum Can, Carton, Glass bottle) Respectively. Minerals results shown that there were no significant differences within packaging materials responds of test results about (Selenium (Se)) because the sig = (0.997) more than 0.05 and 0.01. so we can say responds in group equally at all packaging materials, Calcium results shown that there were significant differences within packaging materials, So the best packaging materials for Calcium (Ca) is:(HDPE, PET, LDPE) Respectively. Phosphorus also shown significant differences within packaging materials because the sig = (0.000) Less than 0.05 and 0.01. so responds in group not equally at all packaging materials, the best packaging materials on Phosphorous (P) s:(LDPE, HDPE, PET) respectively.

Producing Sustainable Concrete using Nano Recycled Glass

Background: Many tools and techniques have been recently adopted to develop construction materials that are less harmful and friendlier to the environment. New products can be achieved through the recycling of waste material. Thus, this study aims to use recycled glass bottles as sustainable materials. Objective: Our challenge is to use nano glass powder by the addition or replacement of the weight of the cement for producing concrete with enhanced strength. Methods: A nano recycled glass powder is prepared by crushing and storming a glass bottle to obtain a Blaine surface area of approximately 28 m2/g and conforming to the chemical requirements for natural pozzolana class N, according to ASTM C618. The outcome of using nano recycled glass for theaddition and replacement of ordinary Portland cement weight on the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete at 7, 28, and 90 days is investigated. Results: The concrete mixes with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% replacements of cement by nano recycled glass powder show improvements in compressive and flexural strengths of up to 12.77% and 7.66%, respectively, at 28 days. Meanwhile, mixes with the addition of 5% nano glass powder show best improvements in compressive and flexural strengths of up to 11.49% and 7.46%, respectively.

THE EFFECT OF PACKAGING TYPE AND STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE SHORT TERM STABILITY OF ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY REFERENCE MATERIALS

In this work, monitoring the effect of packaging type and storage temperature on the short term stability of calibration standard solution KCl 1 M were conducted. The KCl 1M were packaged in two types of packaging i.e., high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and glass bottle. The effects of packaging type and storage temperature were monitored for four weeks at 25 °C and 40 °C. The conductivity values of KCl 1 M in the HDPE and glass bottle were 111.61 mS/cm and 111.62 mS/cm, respectively. The results indicated that the KCl 1M solution at 25 °C in both HDPE and glass bottle were found to be good in short term stability and there was no significant different between the two packaging types. At temperature of 40 °C, however, short term stability of the KCl 1 M in a glass bottle was better than the HDPE bottle.

Sustainable Glass Recycling Culture-Based on Semi-Automatic Glass Bottle Cutter Prototype

Humanity has developed recycling activities over time due to their benefits, the shortage of raw materials, or the footprint with regard to the environment. The absence of a recycling culture in Mexico has not allowed its development and growth despite the benefits. In 2012, Mexico only recycled less than 10% of urban solid waste. Most recycling activities are focused on plastic, paper, and cardboard products due to their prices in local markets. This article presents a semi-automated prototype focused on recycling glass bottles using the thermal shock phenomenon. It aims to develop a sustainable glass recycling culture by creating a new branch for the integral glass recycling process and a proposal base on Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) and the Quintuple Helix Model. It helps to reduce waste and resource recovery from recycling and upcycling glass bottles. The products obtained from upcycling fulfill new uses and acquire new value, while glass leftovers continue the integral recycling process for glass. Additionally, this paper demonstrates the relation between the ISWM and the Quintuple Helix Model and the opportunity to implement the twelfth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).