scholarly journals Characterization of the β-tubulin gene family in Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum and its implication for the molecular detection of benzimidazole resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. e0009777
Author(s):  
Sara Roose ◽  
Russell W. Avramenko ◽  
Stephen M. J. Pollo ◽  
James D. Wasmuth ◽  
Shaali Ame ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Drug Pressure ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Β Tubulin

Background The treatment coverage of control programs providing benzimidazole (BZ) drugs to eliminate the morbidity caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is unprecedently high. This high drug pressure may result in the development of BZ resistance in STHs and so there is an urgent need for surveillance systems detecting molecular markers associated with BZ resistance. A critical prerequisite to develop such systems is an understanding of the gene family encoding β-tubulin proteins, the principal targets of BZ drugs. Methodology and principal findings First, the β-tubulin gene families of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum were characterized through the analysis of published genomes. Second, RNA-seq and RT-PCR analyses on cDNA were applied to determine the transcription profiles of the different gene family members. The results revealed that Ascaris species have at least seven different β-tubulin genes of which two are highly expressed during the entire lifecycle. Third, deep amplicon sequencing was performed on these two genes in more than 200 adult A. lumbricoides (Ethiopia and Tanzania) and A. suum (Belgium) worms, to investigate the intra- and inter-species genetic diversity and the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with BZ resistance in other helminth species; F167Y (TTC>TAC or TTT>TAT), E198A (GAA>GCA or GAG>GCG), E198L (GAA>TTA) and F200Y (TTC>TAC or TTT>TAT). These particular SNPs were absent in the two investigated genes in all three Ascaris populations. Significance This study demonstrated the presence of at least seven β-tubulin genes in Ascaris worms. A new nomenclature was proposed and prioritization of genes for future BZ resistance research was discussed. This is the first comprehensive description of the β-tubulin gene family in Ascaris and provides a framework to investigate the prevalence and potential role of β-tubulin sequence polymorphisms in BZ resistance in a more systematic manner than previously possible.

GENETICS OF THE TUBULIN GENE FAMILIES OF PHYSARUM

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-164
Author(s):  
Tim Schedl ◽  
Judi Owens ◽  
William F Dove ◽  
Timothy G Burland
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Mapping Analysis ◽  
Mendelian Analysis ◽  
Β Tubulin

ABSTRACT The organization of the α- and β-tubulin gene families in Physarum was investigated by Mendelian analysis. Restriction endonuclease-generated DNA fragments homologous to α- and β-tubulin show length polymorphisms that can be used as markers for genetic mapping. Analysis of meiotic assortment among progeny of heterozygotes allowed α- and β-tubulin sequence loci to be defined. There are four unlinked α-tubulin sequence loci (altA, altB, altC and altD) and at least three unlinked β-tubulin sequence loci (betA, betB and betC). The α-tubulin loci are not linked to the β-tubulin loci. —Segregation of tubulin sequence loci with respect to ben mutations that confer resistance to antitubulin benzimidazole drugs was used to investigate whether any members of the α- or β-tubulin gene families are allelic to ben loci. The β-tubulin sequence locus betB is allelic to the resistance locus benD, the betA locus is probably allelic to benA and the α-tubulin sequence locus altC may be allelic to benC. The molecular implications of benzimidazole resistance phenotypes when only one of the expressed β-tubulin gene family members mutates to drug resistance are discussed in relation to tubulin function.

scholarly journals A Genome-Wide Analysis of the Pentatricopeptide Repeat (PPR) Gene Family and PPR-Derived Markers for Flesh Color in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1125
Author(s):  
Saminathan Subburaj ◽  
Luhua Tu ◽  
Kayoun Lee ◽  
Gwang-Soo Park ◽  
Hyunbae Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Pentatricopeptide Repeat ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Large Gene ◽  
A Genome

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an economically important fruit crop grown for consumption of its large edible fruit flesh. Pentatricopeptide-repeat (PPR) encoding genes, one of the large gene families in plants, are important RNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of plant growth and development by influencing the expression of organellar mRNA transcripts. However, systematic information regarding the PPR gene family in watermelon remains largely unknown. In this comprehensive study, we identified and characterized a total of 422 C. lanatus PPR (ClaPPR) genes in the watermelon genome. Most ClaPPRs were intronless and were mapped across 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ClaPPR proteins could be divided into P and PLS subfamilies. Gene duplication analysis suggested that 11 pairs of segmentally duplicated genes existed. In-silico expression pattern analysis demonstrated that ClaPPRs may participate in the regulation of fruit development and ripening processes. Genotyping of 70 lines using 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 4 ClaPPRs resulted in match rates of over 0.87 for each validated SNPs in correlation with the unique phenotypes of flesh color, and could be used in differentiating red, yellow, or orange watermelons in breeding programs. Our results provide significant insights for a comprehensive understanding of PPR genes and recommend further studies on their roles in watermelon fruit growth and ripening, which could be utilized for cultivar development of watermelon.

Cloning of 11 α-tubulin gene sequences from the genome of Chinese hamster ovary cells

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Elliott ◽  
Farida Sarangi ◽  
Graham Henderson ◽  
Victor Ling
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Hamster Ovary ◽  
Genomic Library ◽  
Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Ovary Cells ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Clonal Lines ◽  
Β Tubulin

We have analyzed the complex tubulin gene family in clonal lines of Chinese hamster ovary cells. There are approximately 16 α-tubulin genes and a similar multiplicity of β-tubulin genes. The α-tubulin genes are not closely linked to each other nor to the β-tubulin genes. A genomic library has been constructed in the vector λ charon 4A containing insert sizes of 13–20 kilobases. The library has been screened with both inter- and intra-species α-tubulin probes. Eleven α-tubulin clones with different restriction patterns have been isolated and characterized. At least seven of these clones contain the complete gene coding region. One clone appears to represent the transcribed α-tubulin gene II. The sequence of an intron from this gene is compared with that from an equivalent gene in the rat.

Molecular Characterization of the Tubulin-Related Gene Families in Herbicide Resistant and Susceptible Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirankumar S. Mysore ◽  
Wm. Vance Baird
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Individual Gene ◽  
Large Deletions ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tubulin Protein

Goosegrass, wide spread throughout the tropics and subtropics, is one of the most noxious weeds known. Recently, biotypes of goosegrass have been found resistant to the dinitroaniline herbicides. An alteration in the structure/composition of a tubulin protein has been postulated as an explanation for the hyperstable microtubules and the resistant phenotype. Our study was initiated to investigate the structure of the alpha (α)-, beta (β)- and gamma (γ)-tubulin related gene sequences in resistant, intermediately resistant, and susceptible biotypes. Heterologous tubulin gene clones were used as probes of restriction endonuclease-digested genomic DNA from each biotype, to determine gene size and copy number and to screen for restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The tubulin genes are organized into gene families. There are three to five α-tubulin genes, four to seven β-tubulin genes, and four to eight γ-tubulin genes. There was no evidence of multiple copies or tandem repeats of any individual gene sequence. Although RFLPs were observed, no significant difference in the banding pattern between the resistant and the susceptible biotypes was found for either α-, β-, or γ-tubulin gene families. Therefore, it is unlikely that the difference between the herbicide-response phenotypes can be attributed to large deletions or insertions in a tubulin gene.

The β-tubulin gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana: preferential accumulation of the β1 transcript in roots

Gene ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Oppenheimer ◽  
Nancy Haas ◽  
Carolyn D. Silflow ◽  
D.Peter Snustad
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Preferential Accumulation ◽  
Β Tubulin

scholarly journals The alpha-tubulin gene family expressed during cell differentiation in Naegleria gruberi.

1988 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 2035-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Y Lai ◽  
S P Remillard ◽  
C Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Gene Organization ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Alpha Tubulin ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Tubulin Mrna ◽  
Protein Conservation ◽  
Naegleria Gruberi

Genes that direct the programmed synthesis of flagellar alpha-tubulin during the differentiation of Naegleria gruberi from amebae to flagellates have been cloned, and found to be novel with respect to gene organization, sequence, and conservation. The flagellar alpha-tubulin gene family is represented in the genome by about eight homologous DNA segments that are exceptionally similar and yet are neither identical nor arrayed in a short tandem repeat. The coding regions of three of these genes have been sequenced, two from cDNA clones and one from an intronless genomic gene. These three genes encode an identical alpha-tubulin that is conserved relative to the alpha-tubulins of other organisms except at the carboxyl terminus, where the protein is elongated by two residues and ends in a terminal glutamine instead of the canonical tyrosine. In spite of the protein conservation, the Naegleria DNA sequence has diverged markedly from the alpha-tubulin genes of other organisms, a counterexample to the idea that tubulin genes are conserved. alpha-Tubulin mRNA homologous to this gene family has not been detected in amebae. This mRNA increases markedly in abundance during the first hour of differentiation, and then decreases even more rapidly with a half-life of approximately 8 min. The abundance of physical alpha-tubulin mRNA rises and subsequently falls in parallel with the abundance of translatable flagellar tubulin mRNA and with the in vivo rate of flagellar tubulin synthesis, which indicates that flagellar tubulin synthesis is directly regulated by the relative rates of transcription and mRNA degradation.

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