Refractive Error, Visual Acuity and Causes of Vision Loss in Children in Shandong, China. The Shandong Children Eye Study

Introduction: Amblyopia is an of important cause of preventable blindness and early detection with timely rehabilitation can prevent blindness in childhood age. It also carries a higher risk of vision loss in fellow eye. The most common method of treatment to recover the monocular function involves patching the good eye in an effort to reinforce the amblyopic eye to improve. In our study we evaluated the factors affecting occlusion therapy in amblyopia patients in terms of age, gender, amount of refractive error and the time period of occlusion as the influential factor in rehabilitation of amblyopia. Methods: In this observational study, all patients between 3 years to 25 years who attended the ophthalmic OPD at Sri Siddhartha Medical College, a tertiary health care centre for ocular evaluation and diagnosed with amblyopia were included in the study. The patients were evaluated for Visual acuity on Snellens visual acuity chart and then subjected to Refractive error evaluation on Unique RK 800 Autorefractometer. Anterior segment was evaluated on Slit lamp and Fundus examination was done on Direct and indirect ophthalmoscope. Post refraction and Post treatment visual acuity was evaluated for the patients on Snellens visual acuity chart. Results: Total of 42 patients were studied out of which 16 were males and 26 were females. All patients were between 3- 35 years of age, with maximum patients 20 (47. 6%) in the age group of 6 to 15 years. 21 patients (50%) were having a baseline visual acuity in the range of 3 meter finger counting to 6/36. The commonest refractive error was astigmatism 23(54.8%) amongst whom compound myopic astigmatism was commonest in 9 patients (21.4%). In our study the post correction visual acuity improvement was 6/24 to 6/6 which was found in maximum patients 31 (73.8%), which further improved in the post occlusion visual acuity in 35 patients (83.3%) from 6/24 to 6/6. Conclusion: In this study we found myopic astigmatism as the commonest refractive error in anisometropic amblyopias. Though we found a female preponderance, the gender association was not found significant in the visual recovery or the treatment response. A good improvement following occlusion treatment as well as refractive adaptation period

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Prevalence and causes of blindness and vision impairment: magnitude, temporal trends and projections in South and Central Asia

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312292 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (7) ◽

pp. 871-877 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Vinay Nangia ◽

Jost B Jonas ◽

Ronnie George ◽

Vijaya Lingam ◽

Leon Ellwein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Macular Degeneration ◽

South Asia ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Vision Impairment ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Uncertainty Interval ◽

Age Related

BackgroundTo assess prevalence and causes of vision loss in Central and South Asia.MethodsA systematic review of medical literature assessed the prevalence of blindness (presenting visual acuity<3/60 in the better eye), moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity <6/18 but ≥3/60) and mild vision impairment (MVI; presenting visual acuity <6/12 and ≥6/18) in Central and South Asia for 1990, 2010, 2015 and 2020.ResultsIn Central and South Asia combined, age-standardised prevalences of blindness, MSVI and MVI in 2015 were for men and women aged 50+years, 3.72% (80% uncertainty interval (UI): 1.39–6.75) and 4.00% (80% UI: 1.41–7.39), 16.33% (80% UI: 8.55–25.47) and 17.65% (80% UI: 9.00–27.62), 11.70% (80% UI: 4.70–20.32) and 12.25% (80% UI:4.86–21.30), respectively, with a significant decrease in the study period for both gender. In South Asia in 2015, 11.76 million individuals (32.65% of the global blindness figure) were blind and 61.19 million individuals (28.3% of the global total) had MSVI. From 1990 to 2015, cataract (accounting for 36.58% of all cases with blindness in 2015) was the most common cause of blindness, followed by undercorrected refractive error (36.43%), glaucoma (5.81%), age-related macular degeneration (2.44%), corneal diseases (2.43%), diabetic retinopathy (0.16%) and trachoma (0.04%). For MSVI in South Asia 2015, most common causes were undercorrected refractive error (accounting for 66.39% of all cases with MSVI), followed by cataract (23.62%), age-related macular degeneration (1.31%) and glaucoma (1.09%).ConclusionsOne-third of the global blind resided in South Asia in 2015, although the age-standardised prevalence of blindness and MSVI decreased significantly between 1990 and 2015.

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Epidemiological Findings of Refractive Errors and Amblyopia among the Schoolchildren in Hatta Region of the United Arab Emirates

Dubai Medical Journal ◽

10.1159/000512521 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Salam Chettian Kandi ◽

Hayat Ahmad Khan

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Field ◽

United Arab Emirates ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Screening Program ◽

Low Vision ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Vision Screening ◽

Screening Programs ◽

School Based

Introduction: Uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia pose a major problem affecting schoolchildren. We had previously observed that many schoolchildren in the Hatta region presented to the ophthalmology clinic with uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia, which led us to undertake this research. As per the WHO, the term “visual impairment” can be “low vision” or “blindness.” Based on the presenting vision, “low vision” is defined for children who have vision of <6/18 to 3/60 or having visual field loss to <20° in the better-seeing eye. Children defined to have “blindness” have presenting vision of <3/60 or corresponding visual field of <10°. Purpose: To estimate the magnitude of uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia among the schoolchildren aged 6–19 years and to assess the efficacy of school-based refractive error screening programs in the Hatta region of the United Arab Emirates. Methods: An epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on the entire student population studying in the government schools of the region. Those who failed the Snellen visual acuity chart test and those who were wearing spectacles were evaluated comprehensively by the researcher in the Department of Ophthalmology of the Hatta Hospital. Data were entered in the Refractive Error Study in School Children (RESC) eye examination form recommended by the WHO, and were later transferred to Excel sheets and analyzed by SPSS. Results: 1,591 students were screened and evaluated from the end of 2016 to mid-2017. About 21.37% (n = 340) had impaired vision with 20.9% (n = 333) refractive errors, of which 58% were uncorrected. Among the refractive error group, 19% (64 subjects) had amblyopia (4% of total students). The incidence of low vision was 9.5% and blindness was 0.38%. Low vision was found to be 9.5% and blindness 0.38%, taking in to account presenting visual acuity rather than best-corrected visual acuity for defining low vision and blindness. Conclusion: A significant number of students were detected to have uncorrected refractive errors among the vision impaired group (59%, n = 197) despite a school-based vision screening program in place. Seventy-eight percent of the amblyopia cases (n = 50) were found to be in the 11–19 years age group. Noncompliance with optical corrections was the reason for the high number of cases. A rigorous vision screening program and refractive services, complimented with awareness among parents and teachers, are recommended.

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Valsalva Retinopathy Associated with Sexual Activity

Case Reports in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2014/524286 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Khalid Al Rubaie ◽

J. Fernando Arevalo

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Sexual Activity ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Internal Limiting Membrane ◽

Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling ◽

Sudden Loss ◽

Initial Visual Acuity ◽

Pars Plana ◽

23 Gauge ◽

The Right

A 54-year-old healthy male presented complaining of sudden loss of vision in the right eye. Initial visual acuity was counting fingers. The patient’s acute vision loss developed after sexual activity. Color fundus photos and fluorescein angiography were performed showing a large subinternal limiting membrane hemorrhage in the macular area. A 23-gauge sutureless pars plana vitrectomy with brilliant blue assisted internal limiting membrane peeling was performed with best-corrected visual acuity recovery to 20/50 at 6 months of followup.

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Successful Combination Therapy for Amblyopia Secondary to Micro-Esotropia And Anisometropia

Vision Development & Rehabilitation ◽

10.31707/vdr2021.7.3.p195 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 195-200

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Combination Treatment ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Eccentric Fixation ◽

Case Summary ◽

Vision Therapy ◽

Spectacle Correction

Background: Micro-esotropia is a small-angle esodeviation typically less than nine prism diopters. Patients with this ocular condition often develop amblyopia due to the presence of a constant unilateral strabismus and an anisometropic refractive error in the deviated eye. Current treatment methods for strabismic and refractive amblyopia include spectacle correction, patching, and vision therapy (VT). Case Summary: A 9-year-old Asian female presented with a constant left primary micro-esotropia with unsteady eccentric fixation, contributing to mild amblyopia and frequent suppression in the left eye. She also had a hyperopic anisometropic refractive error. Combination treatment of in-office VT with short-term patching therapy (two hours per day) was administered, with the goal of improving her binocularity, fixation, and visual acuity. Conclusions: Amblyopia results from binocular dysfunction, therefore monocular patching therapy alone will not improve the underlying issue. VT is necessary to actively treat binocularity and subsequently improve visual acuity, while short-term patching can be used in combination to effectively target monocular accommodation and fixation.

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Photorefractive keratectomy for pediatric anisometropia: safety and impact on refractive error, visual acuity, and stereopsis

American Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1016/j.ajo.2004.01.044 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 138 (1) ◽

pp. 70-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Evelyn A. Paysse ◽

M.Bowes Hamill ◽

Mohamed A.W. Hussein ◽

Douglas D. Koch

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Photorefractive Keratectomy

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Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2015/821864 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Salvatore Di Lauro ◽

Melissa Castrejón ◽

Itziar Fernández ◽

Jimena Rojas ◽

Rosa M. Coco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Retinal Detachment ◽

Visual Loss ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Multicentric Study ◽

Prospective Multicentre Study ◽

Snellen Chart ◽

Pars Plana ◽

Phakic Eyes

Purpose. To quantify the frequency of visual loss after successful retinal detachment (RD) surgery in macula-on patients in a multicentric, prospective series of RD.Methods. Clinical variables from consecutive macula-on RD patients were collected in a prospective multicentric study. Visual loss was defined as at least a reduction in one line in best corrected visual acuity (VA) with Snellen chart. The series were divided into 4 subgroups: (1) all macula-on eyes (n=357); (2) macula-on patients with visual loss at the third month of follow-up (n=53) which were further subdivided in (3) phakic eyes (n=39); and (4) pseudophakic eyes (n=14).Results. Fifty-three eyes (14.9%) had visual loss three months after surgery (n=39phakic eyes;n=14pseudophakic eyes). There were no statistically significant differences between them regarding their clinical characteristics. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was used in 67.2% of cases, scleral buckle in 57.7%, and scleral explant in 11.9% (36.1% were combined procedures).Conclusions. Around 15% of macula-on RD eyes lose VA after successful surgery. Development of cataracts may be one cause in phakic eyes, but vision loss in pseudophakic eyes could have other explanations such as the effect of released factors produced by retinal ischemia on the macula area. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate this hypothesis.

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Prevalence of amblyopia and patterns of refractive error in the amblyopic children of a tertiary eye care center of Nepal

Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7820 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 38-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K Sapkota ◽

A Pirouzian ◽

NS Matta

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Chart Review ◽

Care Center ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Ophthalmological Examination ◽

Eye Care ◽

Common Cause ◽

Ocular Pathology ◽

The Mean

Introduction: Refractive error is a common cause of amblyopia. Objective: To determine prevalence of amblyopia and the pattern and the types of refractive error in children with amblyopia in a tertiary eye hospital of Nepal. Materials and methods: A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with amblyopia in the Nepal Eye Hospital (NEH) from July 2006 to June 2011 was conducted. Children of age 13+ or who had any ocular pathology were excluded. Cycloplegic refraction and an ophthalmological examination was performed for all children. The pattern of refractive error and the association between types of refractive error and types of amblyopia were determined. Results: Amblyopia was found in 0.7 % (440) of 62,633 children examined in NEH during this period. All the amblyopic eyes of the subjects had refractive error. Fifty-six percent (248) of the patients were male and the mean age was 7.74 ± 2.97 years. Anisometropia was the most common cause of amblyopia (p < 0.001). One third (29 %) of the subjects had bilateral amblyopia due to high ametropia. Forty percent of eyes had severe amblyopia with visual acuity of 20/120 or worse. About twothirds (59.2 %) of the eyes had astigmatism. Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia in the Nepal Eye Hospital is 0.7%. Anisometropia is the most common cause of amblyopia. Astigmatism is the most common types of refractive error in amblyopic eyes. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):38-44 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7820

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Correspondence between Visual Acuity, Refractive Error, and the Speed of Visual Perception

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjo.37.5.312 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 312-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. H. Eames

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Perception ◽

Refractive Error

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Visual Functions in Children in Remote Postoperative Period after Laser Treatment of Threshold Stages of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Ophthalmology in Russia ◽

10.18008/1816-5095-2018-2s-18-23 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2S) ◽

pp. 18-23

Author(s):

M. V. Pshenichnov ◽

O. V. Kolenko ◽

V. V. Egorov ◽

E. L. Sorokin

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Postoperative Period ◽

Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽

Vision Loss ◽

State Institution ◽

Laser Coagulation ◽

Visual Functions ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Continuous Sampling ◽

High Degree

Purpose.Analysis of visual functions in children in remote postoperative period after laser coagulation (LC) of threshold stages of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).Patients and methods. In 2017, we selected and investigated 18 children, who previously had an LC of threshold stages of ROP in 2008–2009 in the Khabarovsk branch of the S.N. Fyodorov State Institution Eye Microsurgery Complex (continuous sampling method). There were 5 boys and 13 girls aged from 8 to 9 years at the time of LC. Anterior and posterior eye segments of the eyes (biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy), visual acuity, clinical refraction, concomitant pathology were evaluated.Results. We have revealed that regressive ROP after LC is characterized by the presence of serious anatomical and functional changes in the eyes. First, these are refractive disorders, which revealed in 90.5% of cases. Most often revealed: myopic refraction — 61% of all cases, of which more than half (53%) is its high degree; or its combination with compound myopic astigmatism (77% eyes); anisometropia was detected in 39% children. These refractive disorders led to the development of strabismus (61% children) and mixed amblyopia (60%). Despite the combined ophthalmologic pathology, 17% children developed visual functions with achievement of binocular vision, in most children visual functions still continue to develop, although they are not high due to amblyopia. High visual acuity (from 0.8 and above) in both eyes was formed in 22% children; visual acuity in the range of 0.5–0.7 in both eyes was formed in 17% children. Unfortunately, 44.5% children at the time of examination had low visual functions (in the range of 0.05–0.4) in both eyes. Extremely low visual acuity (from 0.01 to 0.04) in both eyes was identified in 11% children; absolute blindness in one of the eyes was in 11% children.Conclusions. LC is reliable way to prevent vision loss from retinal detachment in children with threshold stages of ROP.

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