scholarly journals Cannibalism in temporary waters: Simulations and laboratory experiments revealed the role of spatial shape in the mosquito Aedes albopictus

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. e0198194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Mastrantonio ◽  
Graziano Crasta ◽  
Arianna Puggioli ◽  
Romeo Bellini ◽  
Sandra Urbanelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Temporary Waters ◽  
Spatial Shape

Observation and Experimentation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Di Ventra
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
The Difference

This chapter expands on the previous one on the role of experiments in Science. It explains the difference between observations of phenomena and controlled laboratory experiments.

How much would you like to pay? Trust, reciprocity and prosocial motivations in El trato

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J León ◽  
José A Noguera ◽  
Jordi Tena-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Sales Strategy ◽  
Pay What You Want ◽  
Natural Settings

Prosocial motivations and reciprocity are becoming increasingly important in social-science research. While laboratory experiments have challenged the assumption of universal selfishness, the external validity of these results has not been sufficiently tested in natural settings. In this article we examine the role of prosocial motivations and reciprocity in a Pay What You Want (PWYW) sales strategy, in which consumers voluntarily decide how much to pay for a product or service. This article empirically analyses the only PWYW example in Spain to date: the El trato (‘The deal’) campaign launched by the travel company Atrápalo, which offered different holiday packages under PWYW conditions in July 2009. Our analysis shows that, although the majority of the customers did not behave in a purely self-interested manner, they nonetheless did so in a much higher proportion than observed in similar studies. We present different hypotheses about the mechanisms that may explain these findings. Specifically, we highlight the role of two plausible explanations: the framing of the campaign and the attribution of ‘hidden’ preferences to Atrápalo by its customers, which undermined the interpretation of El trato as a trust game.

The Effect of Face Consciousness on Consumption of Counterfeit Luxury Goods

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Qing Chen ◽  
Hong Zhu ◽  
Meng Le ◽  
Yi-Zhen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Intention To Purchase ◽  
Luxury Item ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Chinese Undergraduates ◽  
Significant Positive Influence

We conducted 3 laboratory experiments to determine how face consciousness influences consumption of counterfeit luxury goods, along with the moderating roles of usage occasion and brand prominence. The participants in the first study were 138 Chinese undergraduates who were allocated to a 2 × 2 design to evaluate their intention to purchase a counterfeit luxury item that would be used either in public or in private. In Studies 2 and 3, using two 2 × 2 designs we evaluated the purchase intention of the participants (132 and 136, respectively) in order to investigate the moderating role of brand prominence. The results showed that participants' face consciousness had a significant positive influence on intention to purchase counterfeit luxury goods. In addition, the products' usage occasion and brand prominence positively moderated the influence that face consciousness had on counterfeit luxury item purchase intention of our participant groups.

Geluidhinder: decibels of onrechtvaardige procedures?

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveline Maris ◽  
Pieter Jan Stallen ◽  
Herman Steensma ◽  
Riël Vermunt
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Justice Theory ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Aviation Noise ◽  
Noise Annoyance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Sound Management

Noise Annoyance: Decibels or Unfair Procedures? The contribution of social (in)justice theory to the explanation of noise annoyance Noise Annoyance: Decibels or Unfair Procedures? The contribution of social (in)justice theory to the explanation of noise annoyance E. Maris, P.J.M. Stallen, H. Steensma & R. Vermunt, Gedrag & Organisatie, volume 20, November 2007, nr. 4, pp. 445-460 Noise annoyance is determined by acoustical (e.g., loudness, pitch) and nonacoustical variables (e.g., sensitivity, attitudes towards the source). What is the role of social nonacoustical variables (e.g., the sound management)? Three laboratory experiments (N1 = 90, N2 = 117, N3 = 76 subjects) investigating the effects of fair (i.e., 'voice'), neutral, and 'unfair' (i.e., inconsistent procedure) sound management procedures on annoyance with fifteen minutes of 50 or 70 dB A(Leq.) aircraft sound, are evaluated. Results from each experiment show that systematic differences in procedural fairness yield systematic differences in annoyance. The combined results suggest that: 1) a psychological model of noise annoyance needs to consider the social aspects of noise exposure, 2) the operation of social nonacoustical determinants depends on the perceived harmfulness of the exposure situation, arising either from the situation's acoustics or from its social implications, and 3) aviation noise policies should pay due attention to the fairness of their procedures.

The Role of Chlorine in Stratospheric Chemistry

1996 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1749-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Molina
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Plastic Foam ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Stratospheric Chemistry ◽  
Blowing Agents ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone Layer ◽  
The Earth

The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are industrialchemicals used as solvents, refrigerants, plastic foam blowing agents,etc. These compounds are eventually released to the environment; theyslowly drift into the stratosphere, where they decompose, initiatinga catalytic process involving chlorine free radicals and leading toozone destruction. The stratospheric ozone layer is important for theearth's energy budget, and it shields the surface of the earth fromultraviolet radiation from the sun. Very significant depletion of theozone layer has been observed in the spring months over Antarctica duringthe last 10-15 years. Laboratory experiments, model calculations andfield measurements, which include several aircraft expeditions, haveyielded a wealth of information which clearly points to the CFCs asthe main cause of this depletion.

scholarly journals A sink host allows a specialist herbivore to persist in a seasonal source

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1958) ◽  
pp. 20211604
Author(s):  
Alicja Laska ◽  
Sara Magalhães ◽  
Mariusz Lewandowski ◽  
Ewa Puchalska ◽  
Kamila Karpicka-Ignatowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Specialist Herbivore ◽  
Negative Growth Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Rescue ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Negative Growth

In seasonal environments, sinks that are more persistent than sources may serve as temporal stepping stones for specialists. However, this possibility has to our knowledge, not been demonstrated to date, as such environments are thought to select for generalists, and the role of sinks, both in the field and in the laboratory, is difficult to document. Here, we used laboratory experiments to show that herbivorous arthropods associated with seasonally absent main (source) habitats can endure on a suboptimal (sink) host for several generations, albeit with a negative growth rate. Additionally, they dispersed towards this host less often than towards the main host and accepted it less often than the main host. Finally, repeated experimental evolution attempts revealed no adaptation to the suboptimal host. Nevertheless, field observations showed that arthropods are found in suboptimal habitats when the main habitat is unavailable. Together, these results show that evolutionary rescue in the suboptimal habitat is not possible. Instead, the sink habitat functions as a temporal stepping stone, allowing for the persistence of a specialist when the source habitat is gone.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document