scholarly journals Human mobility and urban malaria risk in the main transmission hotspot of Amazonian Brazil

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242357
Author(s):  
Igor C. Johansen ◽  
Priscila T. Rodrigues ◽  
Marcelo U. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Urban Malaria ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Amazonian Brazil ◽  
The Town

Malaria in the Amazon is often perceived as an exclusively rural disease, but transmission has been increasingly documented within and near urban centers. Here we explore patterns and causes of urban-to-rural mobility, which places travelers at risk of malaria in Mâncio Lima, the main malaria hotspot in northwestern Brazil. We also analyze rural-to-urban mobility caused by malaria treatment seeking, which poses an additional risk of infection to urban residents. We show that the rural localities most frequently visited by urban residents–typically farming settlements in the vicinity of the town–are those with the most intense malaria transmission and also the most frequent source localities of imported malaria cases diagnosed in the town. The most mobile urban residents are typically poor males 16 to 60-years old from multi-sited households who lack a formal job. Highly mobile residents represent a priority target for more intensive and effective malaria control interventions, that cannot be readily delivered to the entire community, in this and similar urbanized endemic settings across the Amazon.

scholarly journals Molecular evidence of sustained urban malaria transmission in Amazonian Brazil, 2014–2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Salla ◽  
P. T. Rodrigues ◽  
R. M. Corder ◽  
I. C. Johansen ◽  
S. Ladeia-Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Urban Malaria ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
Malaria Incidence Rate ◽  
Amazonian Brazil ◽  
The Town

Abstract The relative contribution of imported vs. locally acquired infections to urban malaria burden remains largely unexplored in Latin America, the most urbanised region in the developing world. Here we use a simple molecular epidemiology framework to examine the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium vivax in Mâncio Lima, the Amazonian municipality with the highest malaria incidence rate in Brazil. We prospectively genotyped 177 P. vivax infections diagnosed in urban residents between June 2014 and July 2015 and showed that local parasites are structured into several lineages of closely related microsatellite haplotypes, with the largest genetic cluster comprising 32% of all infections. These findings are very unlikely under the hypothesis of multiple independent imports of parasite strains from the rural surroundings. Instead, the presence of an endemic near-clonal parasite lineage circulating over 13 consecutive months is consistent with a local P. vivax transmission chain in the town, with major implications for malaria elimination efforts in this and similar urban environments across the Amazon.

Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
County Governments ◽  
Program Staff ◽  
Dual Income ◽  
Community Recreation ◽  
Community Fisheries ◽  
Changing Demographics

<em>Abstract.-</em>As part of the nation’s sixth fastest growing and sixth most urbanized state, Utah’s natural resource professionals face the challenge of managing fisheries for an increasingly urban population. As the state’s population continues to grow, recreational areas are often lost to urban development. This, coupled with increasing cost of living, dual-income households, and busy urban lifestyles, reduces the ability of urban residents to travel to more distant, traditional fisheries. To address the challenges arising from changing demographics, the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (UDWR) created the Community Fisheries Program (CFP). The goals of the CFP are to provide fishing opportunities close to urban centers and to use these opportunities to recruit youth to the sport of fishing. Initiated in 2000, this program has been successful in partnering with city and county governments to secure fishing opportunities along the Wasatch Front, where 80% of Utah’s population resides. Additionally, program staff have teamed up with community recreation coordinators to offer youth fishing clubs in many cities. These community youth fishing clubs have increased in enrollment each year and have graduated over 10,000 youth over a period of seven years.

Study to promote the sustainable mobility in university

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-886
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Scheffer ◽  
Viviane Pagnussat Cechetti ◽  
Lisandra Paola Lauermann ◽  
Eliara Riasyk Porto ◽  
Francisco Dalla Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Mobility ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Sustainable Urban Mobility ◽  
Technical Features ◽  
The University

Purpose The United Nations (2030 Agenda) recognize the need to work with sustainable urban mobility problems such as traffic jams, pollution, inadequate infrastructure are becoming recurring issues in urban centers, directly affecting the quality of life. Such an unsustainable system is frequently observed at universities, as these houses a large concentration of people and vehicles, without proper planning. To promote sustainable strategies at universities, this research aims to focus on the sustainable mobility plan (SMP) applied at the University of Passo Fundo (UPF). Design/methodology/approach Bibliographic research about the current mobility of the campus has been carried out. A questionnaire was distributed to understand opinions about the subject of key people. Findings The priority treatment given to vehicles, mostly, is an alert factor, which must be solved immediately, considering the need of planning and restructuring it. The suggestions of possible solutions were also relevant, and are being considered for the plan’s implementation. Originality/value This study stands out for using the 2030 Agenda, specifically Goal 11 (Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable), using the university campus as a study object. The mobility plan elaboration was constituted by several actions to fill all parts of the mentioned goal. This study stands out because its methodology can be used in other universities besides UPF and also, to a larger scale, in cities, with similar technical features.

scholarly journals Human diffusion and city influence

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (109) ◽  
pp. 20150473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Lenormand ◽  
Bruno Gonçalves ◽  
Antònia Tugores ◽  
José J. Ramasco
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Non Local ◽  
City Network

Cities are characterized by concentrating population, economic activity and services. However, not all cities are equal and a natural hierarchy at local, regional or global scales spontaneously emerges. In this work, we introduce a method to quantify city influence using geolocated tweets to characterize human mobility. Rome and Paris appear consistently as the cities attracting most diverse visitors. The ratio between locals and non-local visitors turns out to be fundamental for a city to truly be global. Focusing only on urban residents' mobility flows, a city-to-city network can be constructed. This network allows us to analyse centrality measures at different scales. New York and London play a central role on the global scale, while urban rankings suffer substantial changes if the focus is set at a regional level.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Bike-Sharing Usage: The Case of Thessaloniki, Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Nikiforiadis ◽  
Georgia Ayfantopoulou ◽  
Afroditi Stamelou
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Bike Sharing ◽  
Transport Modes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect in urban mobility, while essential changes are being observed in travelers’ behavior. Travelers in many cases shifted to other transport modes, especially walking and cycling, for minimizing the risk of infection. This study attempts to investigate the impact that COVID-19 had on travelers’ perceptions towards bike-sharing systems and whether the pandemic could result in a greater or lesser share of trips that are being conducted through shared bikes. For that reason, a questionnaire survey was carried out in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, and the responses of 223 people were analyzed statistically. The results of the analysis show that COVID-19 will not affect significantly the number of people using bike-sharing for their trips. However, for a proportion of people, bike-sharing is now more attractive. Moreover, the results indicate that bike-sharing is now more likely to become a more preferable mobility option for people who were previously commuting with private cars as passengers (not as drivers) and people who were already registered users in a bike-sharing system. The results also provide evidence about the importance of safety towards COVID-19 for engaging more users in bike-sharing, in order to provide them with a safe mobility option and contribute to the city’s resilience and sustainability.

scholarly journals A Spatiotemporal Constraint Non-Negative Matrix Factorization Model to Discover Intra-Urban Mobility Patterns from Taxi Trips

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Gao ◽  
Jiajun Liu ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Lan Mu ◽  
Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Factorization ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Non Negative Matrix Factorization

Taxi services provide an urban transport option to citizens. Massive taxi trajectories contain rich information for understanding human travel activities, which are essential to sustainable urban mobility and transportation. The origin and destination (O-D) pairs of urban taxi trips can reveal the spatiotemporal patterns of human mobility and then offer fundamental information to interpret and reform formal, functional, and perceptual regions of cities. Matrices are one of the most effective models to represent taxi trajectories and O-D trips. Among matrix representations, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) gives meaningful interpretations of complex latent relationships. However, the independence assumption for observations is violated by spatial and temporal autocorrelation in taxi flows, which is not compensated in classical NMF models. In order to discover human intra-urban mobility patterns, a novel spatiotemporal constraint NMF (STC-NMF) model that explicitly solves spatial and temporal dependencies is proposed in this paper. It factorizes taxi flow matrices in both spatial and temporal aspects, thus revealing inherent spatiotemporal patterns. With three-month taxi trajectories harvested in Beijing, China, the STC-NMF model is employed to investigate taxi travel patterns and their spatial interaction modes. As the results, four departure patterns, three arrival patterns, and eight spatial interaction patterns during weekdays and weekends are discovered. Moreover, it is found that intensive movements within certain time windows are significantly related to region functionalities and the spatial interaction flows exhibit an obvious distance decay tendency. The outcome of the proposed model is more consistent with the inherent spatiotemporal characteristics of human intra-urban movements. The knowledge gained in this research would be useful to taxi services and transportation management for promoting sustainable urban development.

Water Bugs in Mist Tents

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 251-251
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Inhalation Therapy ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Water Bugs

L. J. Janchar of Marion, Ohio, wrote: "In PEDIATRICS IN REVIEW, July 1980 (p 29), in regard to the article `Mist Tent for Cystic Fibrosis' you state that " mist therapy increases the risk of `water-bug' infection (Pseudomonas, Serratia, etc)..."I have often heard this comment but I have seen no literature in regard to evidence supporting this statement. Could you please furnish me with references in regard to the risk of infection secondary to mist therapy?" Dr Rapkin (author of the abstract) replied: "In July 1967, Dr Hugh Moffet and colleagues in a series of three articles described the association of infection and inhalation therapy. The titles of the articles are revealing: "Bacteria recovered from distilled water and inhalation therapy equipment"; `Survival and dissemination of bacteria in nebulizers and incubators'; `Colonization of infants exposed to bacterially contaminated mists' (Am J Dis Child 114:7, 13, 21, 1967). Previously Hoffman and Finberg (J Pediatr 46:626, 1955) had made the association between water and infection. Much subsequent data have been accumulated and the bibliography is long and detailed. The conclusions have been the same as Moffet's: mist therapy and use of inhalationtherapy apparatus poses an additional risk which must be carefully weighed against the benefit of the therapy to the patient.

scholarly journals Anomalous Urban Mobility Pattern Detection Based on GPS Trajectories and POI Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenzhou Xu ◽  
Ge Cui ◽  
Ming Zhong ◽  
Xin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Mean Shift ◽  
Pattern Detection ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Mobility Pattern ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Gps Trajectories

Anomalous urban mobility pattern refers to abnormal human mobility flow in a city. Anomalous urban mobility pattern detection is important in the study of urban mobility. In this paper, a framework is proposed to identify anomalous urban mobility patterns based on taxi GPS trajectories and Point of Interest (POI) data. In the framework, functional regions are first generated based on the distribution of POIs by the DBSCAN clustering algorithm. A Weighted Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (WTF-IDF) method is proposed to identify function values in each region. Then, the Origin-Destination (OD) of trips between functional regions is extracted from GPS trajectories to detect anomalous urban mobility patterns. Mobility vectors are established for each time interval based on the OD of trips and are classified into clusters by the mean shift algorithm. Abnormal urban mobility patterns are identified by processing the mobility vectors. A case study in the city of Wuhan, China, is conducted; the experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively identify daily and hourly anomalous urban mobility patterns.

scholarly journals Emergence and Development of the Uybat Town (Khakassia). The Town – Forming Role of Temples in the Middle of the 8th – Early 13th Centuries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.Л. Кызласов
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Town ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Л. Р. Кызласовым в 1971 1981 гг. в Хакасии на Среднем Енисее были обнаружены и изучались раскопками два раннесредневековых городских центра, отличавшихся монументальными манихейскими храмами, святилищами и монастырями VIII XIII вв. Особый интерес представляет скопление сакральных построек в Уйбатском городе, расположенном в стороне от рек, размещение и планировочная обособленность храмово монастырского квартала от жилых и производственных частей геометрически правильно спроектированного города, возникшего благодаря сакральному комплексу. Этот городской и монастырско храмовый центр, согласно археологическому исследованию, существовал не менее 400 лет. И все это время вокруг него и рядом с ним развивалась храмовая и городская культура южносибирского общества. In 1971 1981 L. R. Kyzlasov discovered two early medieval urban centers on the Middle Yenisei in Khakassia. He excavated these sites and examined monumental Manichaean temples, sanctuaries and monasteries of the 8th 13th centuries. Of special interest is a concentration of sacral constructions in the Uybat town located at a distance from rivers (Figs. 1 3), and the location of the temple and the monastery quarter and its layout which made it isolated from the residential and production areas (Fig. 3) of the geometrically regular town (Figs. 4 5) built around the sacral ensemble. The archaeological excavations demonstrate that this town and the monastery temple center existed for at least 400 years, with the temple and the urban culture of the southern Siberian community developing around and near it.

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