scholarly journals Human diffusion and city influence

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (109) ◽  
pp. 20150473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Lenormand ◽  
Bruno Gonçalves ◽  
Antònia Tugores ◽  
José J. Ramasco
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Non Local ◽  
City Network

Cities are characterized by concentrating population, economic activity and services. However, not all cities are equal and a natural hierarchy at local, regional or global scales spontaneously emerges. In this work, we introduce a method to quantify city influence using geolocated tweets to characterize human mobility. Rome and Paris appear consistently as the cities attracting most diverse visitors. The ratio between locals and non-local visitors turns out to be fundamental for a city to truly be global. Focusing only on urban residents' mobility flows, a city-to-city network can be constructed. This network allows us to analyse centrality measures at different scales. New York and London play a central role on the global scale, while urban rankings suffer substantial changes if the focus is set at a regional level.

Impact of regulatory framework rigidity on poverty in the regions of Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
P. N. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Poverty Dynamics ◽  
Regulatory Burden ◽  
Sectoral Structure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The paper analyzes the impact of the federal regulatory burden on poverty dynamics in Russia. The paper provides regional level indices of the federal regulatory burden on the economy in 2008—2018 which take into account sectoral structure of regions’ output and the level of regulatory rigidity of federal regulations governing certain types of economic activity. Estimates of empirical specifications of poverty theoretical model with the inclusion of macroeconomic and institutional factors shows that limiting the scope of the rulemaking activity of government bodies and weakening of new regulations rigidity contributes to a statistically significant reduction in the level of poverty in Russian regions. Cancellation of 10% of accumulated federal level requirements through the “regulatory guillotine” administrative reform may take out of poverty about 1.1—1.4 million people.

scholarly journals Assessing inequality, irregularity, and severity regarding road traffic safety during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Lin ◽  
Feng Shi ◽  
Weizi Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Road Traffic Safety ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCOVID-19 has affected every sector of our society, among which human mobility is taking a dramatic change due to quarantine and social distancing. We investigate the impact of the pandemic and subsequent mobility changes on road traffic safety. Using traffic accident data from the city of Los Angeles and New York City, we find that the impact is not merely a blunt reduction in traffic and accidents; rather, (1) the proportion of accidents unexpectedly increases for “Hispanic” and “Male” groups; (2) the “hot spots” of accidents have shifted in both time and space and are likely moved from higher-income areas (e.g., Hollywood and Lower Manhattan) to lower-income areas (e.g., southern LA and southern Brooklyn); (3) the severity level of accidents decreases with the number of accidents regardless of transportation modes. Understanding those variations of traffic accidents not only sheds a light on the heterogeneous impact of COVID-19 across demographic and geographic factors, but also helps policymakers and planners design more effective safety policies and interventions during critical conditions such as the pandemic.

scholarly journals Park Proximity and Use for Physical Activity among Urban Residents: Associations with Mental Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4885
Author(s):  
Stephanie L. Orstad ◽  
Kristin Szuhany ◽  
Kosuke Tamura ◽  
Lorna E. Thorpe ◽  
Melanie Jay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
New York ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Park Use ◽  
Random Digit Dial

Increasing global urbanization limits interaction between people and natural environments, which may negatively impact population health and wellbeing. Urban residents who live near parks report better mental health. Physical activity (PA) reduces depression and improves quality of life. Despite PA’s protective effects on mental health, the added benefit of urban park use for PA is unclear. Thus, we examined whether park-based PA mediated associations between park proximity and mental distress among 3652 New York City residents (61.4% 45 + years, 58.9% female, 56.3% non-white) who completed the 2010–2011 Physical Activity and Transit (PAT) random-digit-dial survey. Measures included number of poor mental health days in the previous month (outcome), self-reported time to walk to the nearest park from home (exposure), and frequency of park use for sports, exercise or PA (mediator). We used multiple regression with bootstrap-generated 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals (BC CIs) to test for mediation by park-based PA and moderation by gender, dog ownership, PA with others, and perceived park crime. Park proximity was indirectly associated with fewer days of poor mental health via park-based PA, but only among those not concerned about park crime (index of moderated mediation = 0.04; SE = 0.02; 95% BC CI = 0.01, 0.10). Investment in park safety and park-based PA promotion in urban neighborhoods may help to maximize the mental health benefits of nearby parks.

scholarly journals Twitter reveals human mobility dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Huang ◽  
Zhenlong Li ◽  
Yuqin Jiang ◽  
Xiaoming Li ◽  
Dwayne Porter
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
State Scale

The current COVID-19 pandemic raises concerns worldwide, leading to serious health, economic, and social challenges. The rapid spread of the virus at a global scale highlights the need for a more harmonized, less privacy-concerning, easily accessible approach to monitoring the human mobility that has proven to be associated with viral transmission. In this study, we analyzed over 580 million tweets worldwide to see how global collaborative efforts in reducing human mobility are reflected from the user-generated information at the global, country, and U.S. state scale. Considering the multifaceted nature of mobility, we propose two types of distance: the single-day distance and the cross-day distance. To quantify the responsiveness in certain geographic regions, we further propose a mobility-based responsive index (MRI) that captures the overall degree of mobility changes within a time window. The results suggest that mobility patterns obtained from Twitter data are amenable to quantitatively reflect the mobility dynamics. Globally, the proposed two distances had greatly deviated from their baselines after March 11, 2020, when WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. The considerably less periodicity after the declaration suggests that the protection measures have obviously affected people’s travel routines. The country scale comparisons reveal the discrepancies in responsiveness, evidenced by the contrasting mobility patterns in different epidemic phases. We find that the triggers of mobility changes correspond well with the national announcements of mitigation measures, proving that Twitter-based mobility implies the effectiveness of those measures. In the U.S., the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on mobility is distinct. However, the impacts vary substantially among states.

CORONAVIRUS IMPACT ON THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2491-2498
Author(s):  
L.V. Abdrakhmanova ◽  
◽  
E.S. Shchigortsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The article analyzes the consequences of the spread of coronavirus infection on the world economy. The high degree of infection and the rapid spread of COVID-19 caused the quarantine of certain cities and regions of the world, and since March 2020, the borders between the countries have been completely closed. This situation, naturally, could not but affect the global economic activity. The crisis caused by the pandemic has led to the fact that the leaders of the countries were forced to first of all pay attention to health problems and seriously reduce funding in other sectors of the economy. The forced self-isolation regime of the population affected all spheres of life, without exception, large and medium, and, especially, small business suffered. The sectors of the economy most affected by the coronavirus pandemic include: air and road transportation, the leisure and entertainment industry, fitness and sports, tourism, hospitality, catering, the education system, the organization of conferences and exhibitions, the provision of personal services to the population, dentistry, retail trade in non-food products, the media and the production of printed materials, etc. Statistical data on the number of cases of new coronavirus infection by country (as well as those who recovered and died from it) are today not so much of a medical nature as evidence of a deepening global economic crisis. The decline in production volumes on a global scale entails a reduction in the global consumption of most types of industrial raw materials and energy carriers. According to analysts’ forecasts, the possibility of a quick return to the previous economic activity is not foreseen, negative processes may continue for the next several years. The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious test of the readiness of the world economy to effectively resolve global problems, overcome the negative consequences of the spread of the virus and focus on those positive opportunities, the development of which can lead to economic growth in the long term. One of these promising areas of economic development is the further digitalization of society, the development of new digital technologies.

New York Film Production Unions Enter the Political Arena in Search of Tax Subsidies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Figueroa ◽  
Lois S. Gray
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The Political ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Concentrated Ownership ◽  
Tax Incentive ◽  
Tax Subsidies ◽  
Labor Pool ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
High Skill

This chapter explains how labor's preference for tax incentives is conditioned by the highly concentrated ownership structure, flexible production system, and fragmented bargaining relations that characterize the film industry. Labor's preference for a tax incentive-based approach in New York encouraged greater coordination between local film unions, policymakers, employers, and local studios, and was successful in generating employment in the specific context of the city's deep talent and qualified labor pool. The chapter also shows how the strategy induced tensions among local film unions over the distribution of tax benefits within the sector, and between film unions and representatives of low-income urban residents, who find themselves subsidizing a high-skill/high-wage industry from which they are largely excluded.

scholarly journals Method for Monitoring of Managing the Modernization of Regional Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
T. Krasnova ◽  
T. Plotnikova ◽  
A. Pozdnyakov ◽  
A. Vilgelm
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
New Economic Geography ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Data Set ◽  
New Approach

This paper proposes a new approach for monitoring of managing the modernisation of regional economic. The model built on proposed methodology will make it possible to smooth out the influence of non-urban areas on the unevenness of economic activity in spatial development. This paper has two goals. The first is to provide a new compilation of data on spatial distribution of economic activity at the sub-regional level. This data set allows us to monitoring of different indicators within macroregions such as Siberia. The second goal is to construct an instrument that helps to overcome the endogeneity problem using new economic geography hypothesis about the mechanisms of distribution of economic activity. Section 2 describes the data and method that we have proposed, discusses the construction of the Theil indexes using these data at the sub-federal and the sub-regional level. Section 3 presents the correlations between spatial distribution of economic activity and local market potential, discusses the robustness of the results; and the last section concludes.

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