scholarly journals Infants' representation of social hierarchies in absence of physical dominance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245450
Author(s):  
Jesus Bas ◽  
Nuria Sebastian-Galles
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hierarchical Relationships ◽  
Physical Dominance

Social hierarchies are ubiquitous in all human relations since birth, but little is known about how they emerge during infancy. Previous studies have shown that infants can represent hierarchical relationships when they arise from the physical superiority of one agent over the other, but humans have the capacity to allocate social status in others through cues that not necessary entail agents’ physical formidability. Here we investigate infants’ capacity to recognize the social status of different agents when there are no observable cues of physical dominance. Our results evidence that a first presentation of the agents' social power when obtaining resources is enough to allow infants predict the outputs of their future. Nevertheless, this capacity arises later (at 18 month-olds but not at 15 month-olds) than showed in previous studies, probably due the increased complexity of the inferences needed to make the predictions.

Termin kandaulos/kandylos (κανδαυλοσ/ κανδυλοσ) na podstawie λεχεων συναγωγη Focjusza oraz "Commentari ad Homeri Iliadem" Eustacjusza z Tessaloniki

Vox Patrum ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Maciej Kokoszko ◽  
Katarzyna Gibel-Buszewska
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cooked Meat

The present article focuses on one of the Greek delicacies mentioned by Photius and Eustathius, i.e. a Lydian import called kandaulos/kandylos. The dish was developed before the mid. VI th c. BC and named after a Lydian king, Kandaules, who ruled in the VII th c. BC. The delicacy was (via the Ionians) borrowed by the Helens and established itself in Greece sometime in the V th c. It became popular in Hellenistic times. The information we possess allow us to reconstruct two varieties of kandaulos/ kandylos. The first was savoury and consisted of cooked meat, stock, Phrygian cheese, breadcrumbs and dill (or fennel). The other included milk, lard, cheese and honey. The dish is reported to have been costly, prestigious and indicating the social status of those who would eat it. Though there is much evidence suggesting its popularity in antiquity, we lack solid evidence proving that kaunaudlos/kandylos was eaten in Byzantine times. On the other hand, Byzantine authors preserved the most detailed literary data on the delicacy. If it had not been for the Byzantine interest, our competence in the field of Greek cuisine would be even faultier.

Kuinka pääministeriä puhutellaan?

Virittäjä ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildikó Vecsernyés
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Important Resource ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Online Conversations ◽  
The One

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan, kuinka Suomen ja Unkarin pääministereitä puhutellaan Facebookissa. Tutkimuksen kohteena on se, mitä puhuttelukeinoja kommentoijat käyttävät kahdessa eri tarkoituksessa: toisaalta sympatian tai samaa mieltä olemisen, toisaalta erimielisyyden tai kritiikin ilmaisemisessa. Kahden sukukielen, suomen ja unkarin, puhuttelukeinot ovat samankaltaisia, mutta niiden käytössä on huomattavia eroja esimerkiksi sinuttelun ja teitittelyn yleisyydessä. Aineistona on viiteen Suomen pääministeri Juha Sipilän ja yhdeksään Unkarin pääministeri Viktor Orbánin vuosina 2015–2017 kirjoittamaan Facebook-päivitykseen tulleita kommentteja. Tarkastelun kohteena on 189 suomenkielistä ja 191 unkarinkielistä puhuttelumuotoa sisältävää kommenttia. Kommentit on jaettu myötäileviin ja vastustaviin ja näitä kahta kommenttityyppiä tarkastellaan kvantitatiivisesti ja kvalitatiivisesti pyrkimyksenä selvittää, mitä eroja puhuttelumuodon valinnassa ilmenee. Tutkimuksen teoreettis-metodisena taustana on aiempi sosiopragmaattinen puhuttelututkimus. Tutkimus osoittaa, että suomessa sinuttelu on hyvin yleistä riippumatta kommentin laadusta, mutta unkarissa sinuttelu on tavallisesti erimielisyyden osoittamisen keino. Tyypillinen kannustavan kommentin kirjoittaja käyttää suomessa sinuttelua ja pääministerin etunimeä, unkarissa teitittelyä, ön-teitittelypronominia ja pääministerin titteliä. Unkarin kielessä puhuteltavan yhteiskunnallinen asema vaikuttaakin puhuttelumuodon valintaan vahvemmin kuin suomessa. Toissijaisena strategiana unkarissa esiintyy jonkin verran myös uudenlaista kunnioittavaa sinuttelua yhdistettynä pääministerin etunimen käyttöön. Suomenkielisen aineiston vastustavissa kommenteissa esiintyy vielä todennäköisemmin sinuttelua kuin myötäilevissä kommenteissa sekä sinä-pronominia ja pääministerin sukunimeä, unkarinkielisessä aineistossa puolestaan sinuttelua, te ’sinä’ -pronominia ja pääministerin etu- tai sukunimeä tai nimenmuunnoksia. Toissijaisena strategiana joissain unkarin vastustavissa kommenteissa hyödynnetään ylikohteliaisuutta ja intentionaalista inkoherenssia. Aineiston perusteella näyttää siltä, että Facebook-kommenteissa käytetään suomessa etupäässä sinuttelua samoin kuin muissakin internetkeskusteluissa; kommentoijien mielipiteen ilmaisemisessa nominaalisilla puhuttelumuodoilla on tärkeä rooli. Unkarissa taas internetin yleisestä sinuttelupainotteisuudesta huolimatta tärkeimpänä keinona on sinuttelun ja teitittelyn vastakkainasettelu.   How to address a Prime Minister? Forms of address in comments to posts from the Prime Ministers of Finland and Hungary This article examines how the Prime Ministers of Finland and Hungary are addressed on Facebook. The aim of the study is to investigate which forms of address are used by commentators expressing, on the one hand, sympathy or consent, and on the other, disagreement or criticism. The repertoires of address forms of these two related languages, Finnish and Hungarian, bear many similarities, but the frequency and status of these forms are different. The data consists of comments on five posts written by Prime Minister of Finland Juha Sipilä and on nine posts written by Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor Orbán between 2015–2017, comprising a total of 189 comments in Finnish and 191 comments in Hungarian, all containing forms of address. The comments have been divided into two types: comments showing sympathy and comments showing disagreement or criticism. These two comment types have been analysed quantitatively and qualitatively aiming to determine how the address practices employed differ from each other. The theoretical background of this study is based upon previously conducted socio­pragmatic address research. The article shows that the use of T forms  is very common in Finnish, regardless of the type of comment, but that in Hungarian, T forms are typically used as a linguistic tool to express disagreement. In Finnish, a typical commentator showing sympathy will use T forms and address the Prime Minister by his first name, whereas in Hungarian V forms, the V form pronoun ön, and the title ‘Prime Minister’ are favoured. The social status of the addressee has a stronger effect on the choice of address forms in Hungarian than it does in Finnish. However, some Hungarian comments include a new, respectful type of T form used with the first name of the Prime Minister. In comments expressing disagreement in the Finnish data, writers favour T forms, especially T form pronouns, and the use of the Prime Minister’s surname, whereas in the Hungarian data T forms, the T form pronoun te ‘you’ and the use of the Prime Minister’s first name, surname or nicknames are the most typical address practices. In conclusion, commentators in the Finnish data seem to use mostly T forms on Facebook, thus imitating address practices common in other online conversations. Instead of the T/V opposition, nominal forms of address play an important role in expressing the commentators’ attitude. In the Hungarian data, despite the prevalence of the T forms in online chats, the most important resource in expressing relation to the Prime Minister seems to be the contrast between the T and V forms, reflecting their significant status in Hungarian.

A Feminist Defense of Political Liberalism

John Rawls ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 249-262
Author(s):  
Christie Hartley ◽  
Lori Watson
Keyword(s):  
Social Power ◽  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Internal Resources ◽  
Substantive Equality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Subordination ◽  
Equal Citizenship

Some feminists claim that liberal theories lack the resources necessary for fully diagnosing and remedying the social subordination of persons as members of social groups. Part of the problem is that liberals focus too narrowly on the state as the locus of political power. However, equal citizenship is also affected by systems of power that operate in the background culture and that construct social hierarchies in which persons are subordinated as members of social groups. This chapter argues that political liberalism, properly understood, entails a commitment to substantive equality such that it has the internal resources to address the kinds of inequality produced by unjust forms of social power. Although some will claim that if the basic structure is the subject of justice, political liberalism will still fall short of securing gender justice, we explain why this worry is misplaced.

scholarly journals Visualisation of Written Culture with Digital Collage and Woman Representation: Visualisation of Woman Figure in the Mountain and Sea Themed Turkish Cypriot Legends

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Gurkan Gokasan ◽  
Erdal Aygenc
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Mother Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Element ◽  
Tangible Culture ◽  
Turkish Cypriot

Abstract This study aimed to visualise the written versions of legends, which can transform the intangible culture as one of the significant parts of culture covering human facts and some habits like art, customs, traditions, into the tangible culture which is the other part of culture, through certain theme/s. Within this perspective, the study aimed to transform the women and discursive representation styles given in the Turkish Cypriot legends into visual representation in addition to creating an absolute language through the use of homogenous indicators. The study discussed the woman described with the ‘passive’, ‘oppressed’, ‘victim’ and ‘sinful’ features, in brief her marginalisation with the patriarchal legend structure through the use of semiotics. For the visualisation of legends, regardless the positive or negative consequence of woman, the ‘torn paper - collage with its popular name - texture was used to create a common language and the emotions to be reflected were symbolised with various colours. The content references of colours were taken into account; for instance, purple was used in the images that woman was downtrodden and blue in the images with the dominant male hegemony. Since the themes covered generally referred to the ‘mother nature’, the woman figures were illustrated as naked delivering the woman in her purest, simplest and most natural self without the social status indicators symbolised by the clothes. The main scene and woman figures, mountain and sea motifs in the selected legends were re-fictionalised in the digital environment and finalised with the illustration. As the effectiveness of pictorial elements in teaching and facilitating to remember the legends, as a cultural element within the main scope of this study is known, the legends were illustrated through the digital collage method. Therefore, the contribution was aimed to be reflected on the permanence and popularity of legends as a cultural product and verbal asset with the benefits of visual and artistic language.

SOCIAL STATUS AND INVESTIGATORY BEHAVIOUR IN THE ANGELFISH (PTEROPHYLLUM SCALARE)

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1469-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Gómez-Laplaza
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Predator ◽  
Shortest Distance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Investigatory Behaviour ◽  
Predator Model ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare

AbstractThe response of juvenile angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) with different dominance ranks towards a potential predator and a nonthreatening novel stimulus was studied when in a group, to assess the influence of the social status on investigatory behaviour. Dominant fish showed a cautious predator inspection behaviour, often approaching the predator model from a relatively safe distance. In contrast, middle ranking fish inspected the predator model closely and the number and duration of the inspection visits to the area closest to the predator were greater than those of the other group members. Subordinate fish tended to avoid the potential predator, but showed the greatest interest in the novel harmless stimulus, investigating it more readily and for more time from the shortest distance than their companions. Dominant fish displayed a rather weak response towards the nonthreatening stimulus, exhibiting the shortest duration of investigation and the longest latency of approach. The response of intermediate ranking fish was more variable, existing little differences with that showed by any of the other fish categories in the parameters considered. The results indicate that dominance relationships within a group may affect behavioural decisions during investigatory behaviour, and suggest that individuals with different social status use different behavioural strategies dependent on the focal stimulus, possibly reflecting adaptive changes and physiological condition.

Generations of aristocracy

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Woolf
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Roman Imperialism ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis paper sets out to examine issues of continuity and change in the social hierarchies of the peoples of the Gallic interior, between the late Iron Age and the early Roman period. This part of the empire is one in which we might reasonably expect to find substantial continuity of social structure. Many scholars have argued that this is indeed the case, notwithstanding the evident changes in material culture. This paper argues that the opposite was true. Apparent similarities, I suggest, reinforced by the ways we have studied provincial cultures, have masked dramatic changes in the basis of social power. That conclusion has implications for other provincial societies, and for Roman imperialism in general.

scholarly journals Menelaah Pembagian Profesi Catur Warna ditinjau dari Implementasi Ajaran Catur Asrama

Dharma Duta ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tardi Edung
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Caste System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rule Of Life

Social change is bound to happen and this continues as long as there is life on this earth. Increasing the individual's social status in society occurs in accordance with the profession occupied, change and increase one's position is absolutely there. How is the social status of an individual seen from the teachings of boarding chess. The problematic of life is quite diverse and complex, requiring individuals to live governed by the rules, norms and rules that exist in that society and none of them may deny it. Caste is the profession of a person in society who forms themselves in groups, natural arrangements. Color / caste depicts the characteristic spirit which is synthesis in Hindu mind with belief towards collaboration from race and cooperation from culture, caste system is the result of tolerance and belief. On the other hand racial color / caste is the emphasis of definite differences in human groups that cannot possibly be erased or destroyed by social change. This teaching determines whether an individual is respectable or not in his position in a homogeneous and multicultural society based on values ​​and norms as a rule of life. Transition of individual social status is adjusted to the profession occupied in society, both based on knowledge, appreciation in the form of honor and power. Changes in the profession can occur because of science, maturation of a household, self-introspection and leaving all positions in this world to more complex stages. Boarding Chess gives direction to the position of individuals in society

Life in the city shadows: Work, identity and social status

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Briggs ◽  
Rubén Monge Gamero
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Work Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The City

Valdemingómez, however, revolves around its own norms and codes which defy and violate conventional everyday conceptions of normative behaviour. This congregation of crime, violence and victimization in a spatial and legal no-mans land like Valdemingómez means that grave misdemeanours occur without consequences and violence is normalized part of the everyday fabric of social life. For this reason, in Valdemingómez almost anything goes and this produces a series of tensions in the social hierarchies that are attached to cultural interactions in the area which permeate elements of work and labour, the moral economy, daily life and social relations. In this chapter, we take a detailed look at the cultural milieu of Valdemingómez and its operations, and show how people survive there and how the various players attempt to foster some self-respect from these harsh realities.

Behaviour and productivity of pigs in groups composed of disproportionate numbers of littermates

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Gonyou
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
The Social ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty litters of eight pigs each were paired by age and weight and re-grouped at the beginning of a 12-wk grower/finisher period. Each pair of litters was assigned to two pens, with two pigs from one litter (Minority) and six pigs from the other (Majority) in each pen. Four pairs of litters were removed from the experiment due to loss of pigs from injury or poor health. Agonistic encounters following re-grouping were used to rank each Minority pig and to classify it as being within the Dominant or Subordinate half of the social hierarchy. Minority pigs within a pen tended to obtain similar social ranks (within two ranks in 20 of 30 pens; P < 0.05), but were as likely to be Dominant as Subordinate (11 vs. 9 pairs, respectively). The activity and position of all pigs were sampled once daily, 5 days a week. One Minority pig was designated as the focal pig for these observations. The second Minority pig was more likely to be engaged in the same activity as the focal pig than were Majority pigs (P < 0.01), and would lie closer to the focal pig than would the Majority pigs (P < 0.01). There were no differences in the proportion of Majority and Minority pigs which were removed from the experiment due to injuries, nor in the type of injuries requiring their removal. Examination of all pigs at the mid-point of the study revealed some evidence of injury on the head, ears, shoulders, back, flanks, ramp and tail of 76, 75, 87, 90, 91 and 95% of the pigs, respectively, but no differences between Majority and Minority pigs in location or severity of injuries. Average daily gain for the entire experiment was 775 g d−1, and did not differ between Majority and Minority pigs during any 2-wk period of the study. It is concluded that littermates continue to associate with each other after re-grouping and that they attain similar social status. However, the litter with the largest number of pigs present does not consistently achieve social dominance or a competitive advantage manifested in improved weight gain. Key words: Pigs, littermates, re-grouping, social status

Generations of aristocracy

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Woolf
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Roman Imperialism ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis paper sets out to examine issues of continuity and change in the social hierarchies of the peoples of the Gallic interior, between the late Iron Age and the early Roman period. This part of the empire is one in which we might reasonably expect to find substantial continuity of social structure. Many scholars have argued that this is indeed the case, notwithstanding the evident changes in material culture. This paper argues that the opposite was true. Apparent similarities, I suggest, reinforced by the ways we have studied provincial cultures, have masked dramatic changes in the basis of social power. That conclusion has implications for other provincial societies, and for Roman imperialism in general.

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