Calvin’s exposition of the sixth commandment as a trajectory in his catechetical works

In this article is explored the key theological and pedagogical trajectories which shaped Calvin’s teaching of the sixth commandment (‘You shall not kill’) in his catechetical publications. These include the Instruction of 1537/1538, l’Institution Puerile de la Doctrine Chrestienne (1538–1541), the 1542 and 1545 Catechismus, and La Maniere d’Interroguer les Enfans (1551). The overall objective is not only to depict the theological line of argumentation as a development, but also to map out Calvin’s pedagogy and teaching strategies. In Calvin research, this aspect of his teaching is undervalued. This was in particular illustrated by studying the relevant source texts in chronological order. The method employed in which the original texts were read, explicated and compared to contemporary texts (Luther, Jud and Bucer), confirmed that Calvin’s basic argument should indeed by explicated contextually, based on the original language of publication. This approach also provided the opportunity to identify patterns in Calvin’s exposition that normally remain beyond the interests of investigators. One of these was the underpinning pedagogy. The results indicated that Calvin’s teaching of the commandment was ingrained in the understanding and enduring meaning of the Law for the Christian church given in the words of Christ in Matthew 5:21, 22 and 22:39. The practical implications of the Command should not be attributed to the particular use of the Law as a rule of life in the born-again. Calvin’s underpinning pedagogy allowed not only for an envisioned transfer of knowledge, but also for the unpacking of that knowledge content in terms of practical competencies and skills to live a spontaneous Christian life. In this sense, a dynamic educational strategy guided the learner by challenging questions to consider and think, and then to respond independently.Contribution: This article employed a significant historical-chronological method for studying pre-1551 Calvin texts. An appraisal of the contextual development of his thinking on ‘You shall not kill’ was argued within the framework of teaching and learning. It also created the opportunity to ask new questions to the texts such as the pedagogy that underpinned the catechetical work of Calvin.

Perbandingan Kekuatan Hukum Alat Bukti Otentik dan Perjanjian Bawah Tangan (Studi Kasus Perkara nomor: 939/Pdt.c./2818/Pn dps)

Law is a rule of life that regulates human life in society, as a rule of life, the law functions to limit the interests of each legal supporter (legal subject), guaranteeing their respective interests and rights. The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of the legal strength of authentic deed evidence with private deed, as well as to determine the judge’s considerations in his decision on the legal strength of private deed which defeats authentic deed. This research is a type of normative legal research conducted by recording and reviewing methods based on legal materials, while the problem approach uses a statutory and conceptual approach. The source of the data obtained from this research is by looking for accurate information by studying the symptoms of the community in order to get the actual data, thus the data obtained can be combined with several legal book references related to research. The results of the study show that the comparison of the legal strength of authentic deed evidence with an underhand deed, namely the deed is made by or before an authorized official in his working area as regulated by law and is perfect evidence as contained in Article 1870 K UHPer.

Horaz ins Stammbuch geschrieben – Ein neu aufgefundenes Kant-Autograph

Recently (2019/20), a new autograph written by Immanuel Kant in October 1786 was found and identified. It is a quotation from Horace’s Epistles I. 1, 60 dedicated to Johann Friedrich Lange (1760–1826), a preacher and former student of Kant’s at the Albertina University: “Let this be a man’s brazen wall (rule of life), to be conscious of no ill, to turn pale with no guilt.” Kant quoted the passage several times; one time in his MS. Horace was one of Kant’s favorite Latin poets.

EDUCATION METHOD AKHLAK IN SDIT UMMUL QURO

This research focuses on the background of morals decline in early childhood caused by lack of attention or supervision of parents and schools towards them. Morals in Islamic civilization is a fence that limits both at the same time the upright foundation upon which the glory of Islam. The basic values of Islam and morals are included in every rule of life, various kinds of differences and their development, both individually, as well as society, politics and economics. This research was formulated to describe the various methods of moral education that are applied at SDIT Ummul Quro. This research is a type of qualitative research with a field research approach, aims to explore various methods of moral education through primary and secondary literature relating to the object of research, then integrated with field research in an effort to produce products to be implemented in other institutions. This research resulted in the method of elementary school morals education at the institution, namely: (1) the exemplary method of an educator figure (2) the habituation method was more emphasized to students as recipient subjects (3) the reward and funishment method (reward and sanctions), in the form gift giving and sanctions.

DOSTOEVSKY’S THEOLOGY AND THE PROBLEM OF THE MORAL INTERPRETATION OF DOGMA IN RUSSIAN THEOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT IN 19TH–20TH CENTURIES

The chapter analyses Fyodor Dostoevsky’s artistic theology within the context of the tradition of the moral interpretation of dogmas, which developed in Russia during the 19th and the first third of the 20th century. A typical feature of this tradition was the desire to bridge the gap between the temple and the outside of it, between dogmatics and ethics, making the truth of faith the rule of life. The Author shows the development of the idea of the unity of dogmas and commandments in the works of Aleksey Khomiakov, Ivan Kireevsky, Nikolay Fedorov, Vladimir Solov’ev, metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky), while simultaneously drawing parallels with Dostoevsky. The work takes into account Dostoevsky’s understanding of two main dogmas of Christianity: the dogma of Trinity and the two-natures dogma. The unconfused and inseparable unity of the Divine hypostases appears in Dostoevsky as an image of perfect interaction between personalities, a rule for social relations, a model of all-encompassing unity of humanity, where the right of personality is reconciled with the right of the whole. Two diary fragments dated 1864 — “Masha is lying on the table…” and “Socialism and Christianity” — are analyzed from the point of view of the Trinitarian question. Dostoevsky holds that when a personality moves towards another and enters in a relation “I” — “you”, considering the other as a face and not as a function, thus giving something to rather than taking something from the other, this personality realizes in his life the mystery of Trinity, professing it in deeds not only in words. Atomicity, antinomy, dualism are corruptions of the Trinitarian principle, while its realization is the idea of “an expanding family, a society-Church, a world that is temple. The Christology of Dostoevsky is analyzed. It is shown that Dostoevsky’s perception of Christ as “the ideal of man in flesh” should be understood not in the context of utopian thought, but as a manifestation of the idea of the deification of man, as expressed in the patristic aphorism: “For the Son of God became man so that we might become God”. The essay shows how the assertion of the equality of Christ’s two natures, Divine and human, affects Dostoevsky’s anthropology and historiosophy. Views of the writer’s contemporaries, as well as of other 20th-Century philosophers and theologians who developed the idea of a moral interpretation of the dogma of Trinity and of the Divine-humanity of Christ (archimandrite Fedor (Bukharev), bishop Ioann (Sokolov), Nikolay Fedorov, Vladimir Solov’ev, archimandrite Antony (Khrapovitsky), Viktor Nesmelov, Sergey Bulgakov, Boris Vysheslavtsev, Nikolay Lossky, Aleksandr Gorsky, Mother Maria (Elizaveta Kuz’mina- Karavaeva)) are considered.

PENGHAPUSAN ADAT RESAM MASYARAKAT DUSUN DI KIMANIS SEMASA PENTADBIRAN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO CHARTERED COMPANY 1881-1941

Adat secara umumnya bermaksud kebiasaan dalam sesebuah masyarakat yang menjadi peraturan hidup dan hukumannya pula sesuai mengikut kesalahan masing-masing. Di Sabah, dahulunya masyarakat mengamalkan amalan tradisi dan adat warisan nenek moyang yang diketuai oleh Orang Tua dan ketua kampung. Pentadbiran di Sabah mengalami banyak perubahan lebih-lebih lagi semasa pentadbiran British North Borneo Chartered Company (BNBCC) pada tahun 1881. Perubahan ini akhirnya mendatangkan kesan khususnya terhadap adat resam masyarakat Dusun. Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti penghapusan adat resam semasa pemerintahan BNBCC terhadap masyarakat Dusun di Kimanis. Semasa pemerintahan Kesultanan Brunei di Sabah iaitu sebelum tahun 1881, amalan adat istiadat masyarakat Dusun tidak mengalami sebarang sekatan atau halangan malahan mereka bebas menjalani kehidupan sesuai dengan adat masing-masing. Kaedah kutipan data adalah melalui rujukan sumber primer dan sekunder yang boleh didapati di Arkib negeri Sabah dan perpustakaan negeri Sabah serta perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Sesi temu bual kepada Ketua Adat masyarakat Dusun di Kimanis juga dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti bentuk-bentuk adat yang telah dihapuskan semasa pentadbiran BNBCC. Melalui artikel ini, didapati bahawa pentadbiran BNBCC sememangnya menghapuskan sebahagian adat istiadat masyarakat Dusun Kimanis yang memberi kesan mendalam terhadap masyarakat Dusun ini pada masa kini. Custom in general means the habit in a society that is the rule of life and the punishment is appropriate according to their respective offenses. In Sabah, people used to practice the traditions and customs of their ancestors, led by Orang Tua and village head. The Sabah administration had many changed especially during the administration of the British North Borneo Chartered Company, BNBCC in 1881. These alterations eventually gave some effects on the Dusun community customs. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the abolition of customs during the BNBCC rule against the Dusun community in Kimanis. During the reign of the Sultanate of Brunei in Sabah before 1881, the customs practices of the Dusun community did not experience any restrictions or obstacles but they were free to live their lives in accordance with their respective customs. The method of data collection is through the reference of primary and secondary sources that can be found in the Archives and libraries. An interview session was also conducted on the head of the Dusun customs in Kimanis to identify the forms of customs that had been removed. Through this paper, it is found that the BNBCC administration has indeed eliminated some of the Dusun customs that have a profound effect on the Dusun community today.

Mengenal Pemikiran Old Institutional Economics (OIE) Dalam Ilmu Ekonomi Kelembagaan

Artikel ini menjelaskan beberapa bentuk pemikiran Ekonomi Kelembagaan Lama. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan. Ada beberapa temuan artikel ini: 1). Gagasan Ekonomi Kelembagaan lama secara umum menolak pemikiran klasik yang mengabaikan faktor-faktor kelembagaan berupa nilai-nilai, budaya dan rule of life dalam ilmu ekonomi. 2). Peletak dasar pemikiran ekonomi kelembagaan adalah guru dan murid, di mana Thorstain B Veblen merupakan god father dari ilmu ekonomi kelembagaan. 3). Veblen mengedepankan evolusi pemikiran yang berdasar pada kondisi lingkungan sosial tempat individu hidup. 4). Pemikiran Murid-murid Veblen, yaitu Commons menitikberatkan pada multidisiplin ilmu dalam mejelaskan ilmu ekonomi, Mitchell menitikberarkan pada karakter perilaku berdasar kelembagaan lokal dan Ayres menitikberatkan pada perubahan kelembagaan.

Mengenal Pemikiran Old Institutional Economics (OIE) Dalam Ilmu Ekonomi Kelembagaan

Artikel ini menjelaskan beberapa bentuk pemikiran Ekonomi Kelembagaan Lama. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan. Ada beberapa temuan artikel ini: 1). Gagasan Ekonomi Kelembagaan lama secara umum menolak pemikiran klasik yang mengabaikan faktor-faktor kelembagaan berupa nilai-nilai, budaya dan rule of life dalam ilmu ekonomi. 2). Peletak dasar pemikiran ekonomi kelembagaan adalah guru dan murid, di mana Thorstain B Veblen merupakan god father dari ilmu ekonomi kelembagaan. 3). Veblen mengedepankan evolusi pemikiran yang berdasar pada kondisi lingkungan sosial tempat individu hidup. 4). Pemikiran Murid-murid Veblen, yaitu Commons menitikberatkan pada multidisiplin ilmu dalam mejelaskan ilmu ekonomi, Mitchell menitikberarkan pada karakter perilaku berdasar kelembagaan lokal dan Ayres menitikberatkan pada perubahan kelembagaan.