Induced Amnesia for Distressing Information in a Nonclinical Sample

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Moulds ◽  
Richard A. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Word List ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Dissociative Tendencies ◽  
Dissociative Reactions

AbstractDissociative reactions during and subsequent to traumatic events are theorised to result in memory deficits for trauma-related information. This study investigated the interaction between induced amnesia and dissociative reactions. Participants (N = 29) were presented with a word list, a series of disfigured or neutral faces and a second word list, followed by free recall and recognition tasks. Participants presented with disfigured faces recalled fewer words from the postimage list in the free recall task than those presented with neutral faces; however, there were no between-group differences for recognition. No relationship was observed between dissociative tendencies and memory performance. Trait dissociation was unrelated to induced amnesia effects. Findings are interpreted in terms of impaired consolidation of information following encoding of distressing information. Implications of the results for the clinical management of traumatized individuals are considered.

scholarly journals Do Stress and Anxiety Impact Memory? An Exploratory Portuguese Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Alho ◽  
Pedro F. S. Rodrigues ◽  
Cátia Fidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Wrongful Convictions ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Portuguese Study

Eyewitness memory is widely studied in the forensic context, due to their proneness to make unreliable testimonies. Understanding which factors may impact memory is determinant to avoid wrongful convictions in court. In this exploratory study, the relation between stress and anxiety and memory errors (spontaneous and induced) was analyzed being hypothesized that negative emotions may impair memory performance. Crime and neutral videos were presented to 80 volunteer university students in a between subject-design. They were asked to fill some stress and anxiety scales throughout the experimental task, as well as a free recall task. Also, it was presented several questions about the videos in which spontaneous and induced errors were assessed. Results suggests that stress and anxiety did not influence the quantity of memory errors for both genders. However, overall memory performance was poor for both groups. Our results were discussed in light to existing theories about the relation between stress-anxiety and memory.

scholarly journals Recall of Reverberant Speech in Quiet and Four-Talker Babble Noise

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Miseung Koo ◽  
Jihui Jeon ◽  
Hwayoung Moon ◽  
Myung-Whan Suh ◽  
Jun-Ho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Target Words

Using behavioral evaluation of free recall performance, we investigated whether reverberation and/or noise affected memory performance in normal-hearing adults. Thirty-four participants performed a free-recall task in which they were instructed to repeat the initial word after each sentence and to remember the target words after each list of seven sentences, in a 2 (reverberation) × 2 (noise) factorial design. Pupil dilation responses (baseline and peak pupil dilation) were also recorded sentence-by-sentence while the participants were trying to remember the target words. In noise, speech was presented at an easily audible level using an individualized signal-to-noise ratio (95% speech intelligibility). As expected, recall performance was significantly lower in the noisy environment than in the quiet condition. Regardless of noise interference or reverberation, sentence- baseline values gradually increased with an increase in the number of words to be remembered for a subsequent free-recall task. Long reverberation time had no significant effect on memory retrieval of verbal stimuli or pupillary responses during encoding.

RECALL OF SCHEMATIC AND NON-SCHEMATIC MATERIAL RELATED TO THREAT IN SOCIALLY ANXIOUS AND NONANXIOUS INDIVIDUALS

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Wenzel ◽  
Erin N. Haugen ◽  
Peter A. Schmutzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Recall Condition ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Maladaptive Schema

The present study examined the recall of material representative and non representative of schemata for social and evaluative situations. Socially anxious (n = 24) and nonanxious (n = 25) individuals were presented with three positively valenced and three negatively valenced prose passages describing common social and evaluative scenarios. Eight of the sentences in each passage described events representative of the schema content of most individuals, whereas three of the sentences in each passage described events that are not representative of typical schema content. Participants completed a free recall task in both immediate (i.e. 2 minutes) and delayed (i.e. one week) recall conditions. Although there were no group differences as a function of type of content (i.e. schematic, non-schematic), socially anxious individuals were less likely than nonanxious individuals to accurately recall the gist of passages containing negative information in the immediate recall condition. In all, this study provided little evidence for the influence of maladaptive schema content on memory for threatening material in anxious individuals, but it added to an increasingly large literature suggesting that some types of anxiety are associated with an avoidance of processing emotional material.

Recall of Schematic and Non-Schematic Material Related to Threat in Blood Fearful and Nonfearful Individuals

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-93
Author(s):  
Amy Wenzel ◽  
Carissa Adams ◽  
Melanie Goyette
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Affective Tone ◽  
Psychology Literature

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that blood fearful and nonfearful individuals would be differentiated by their pattern of recall of schematic and non-schematic prose material. Blood fearful (n=36) and nonfearful (n=40) individuals were presented with five prose passages describing harm or injury. Nine sentences in each passage described events representative of the schema content of most individuals, whereas six sentences in each passage described events that are not representative of typical schema content. Participants read passages that either described themselves experiencing the situations or described themselves witnessing others in the situations and completed a free recall task in both immediate (i.e. 2 minutes) and delayed (i.e. one week) recall conditions. Results did not replicate studies from the cognitive psychology literature on which this study was based. Instead, participants who read passages describing themselves in these situations recalled the gist of the material more accurately than participants who read passages in which they witnessed another individual in the situation. Blood fearful participants recalled the affective tone of neutral passages less accurately than nonfearful participants. Results suggest that activation of schema content has little influence on memory performance, although assessing the affective tone of recalled material detected subtle differences in memory performance between fearful and nonfearful groups.

Acquisition and Clustering in Multiple-Trial Free Recall as a Function of Meaningfulness of Dissyllables

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Marianne W. Segal ◽  
Gayle A. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Superior Recall ◽  
Associative Relatedness

Lists of 10 dissyllables varying in meaningfulness were presented to subjects in a multiple-trial free recall task. Measures of recall and clustering showed superior recall and greater amounts of clustering for the high-meaningful list than for the low-meaningful list. Differential item integration and associative relatedness were mechanisms employed to explain the differences.

scholarly journals Incidental information processing and verbal intelligence

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
E.V. Gavrilova ◽  
S.S. Belova
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Creative Task ◽  
Verbal Tasks

This article aims to reveal interaction between verbal intelligence and efficiency of intentional and incidental verbal information processing. Participants were exposed to pairs of words about which they have to decide whether a city name was presented in each pair. Thus, semantics of words was processed intentionally, whereas their phonemic features (rhymed vs. unrhymed pairs) were processed incidentally. The efficiency of stimuli processing was estimated in two different cognitive tasks – word free-recall task and word usage in new creative task. It was found that verbal intelligence was positively correlated with number of recalled stimuli which were congruent to both intentional and incidental processing conditions. Moreover, verbal intelligence was positively correlated with usage of incongruent stimuli which were processed incidentally in creative task. The results are discussed in terms of contemporary frameworks of information processing in verbal tasks.

scholarly journals It matters how to recall – task differences in retrieval practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-728
Author(s):  
Tino Endres ◽  
Lena Kranzdorf ◽  
Vivien Schneider ◽  
Alexander Renkl
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Situational Interest ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Expository Texts ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Short Answer ◽  
Task Differences ◽  
Calibration Free ◽  
Metacognitive Calibration

AbstractThe type of a recall task may substantially influence the effects of learning by retrieval practice. In a within-subject design, 54 university students studied two expository texts, followed by retrieval practice with either short-answer tasks (targeted retrieval) or a free-recall task (holistic retrieval). Concerning the direct effects of retrieval practice, short-answer tasks led to increased retention of directly retrieved targeted information from the learning contents, whereas free-recall tasks led to better retention of further information from the learning contents. Concerning indirect effects, short-answer tasks improved metacognitive calibration; free-recall tasks increased self-efficacy and situational interest. These findings confirm the assumption that the effects of retrieval practice depend on the type of recall task: short-answer tasks help us remember targeted information units and foster metacognitive calibration. Free-recall tasks help us remember a broader spectrum of information, and they foster motivational factors.

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